Aer_eur-fd-o376-184.jpg Aer-eur-fd-o376.jpg Aer_eur-fv-o377-184.jpg Aer-eur-fv-o377.jpg Aer_eur-md-o378-184.jpg Aer-eur-md-o378.jpg Aer_eur-mv-o379-184.jpg Aer-eur-mv-o379.jpg Aeria eurimedea 47 50 Uncommon Black tip 0-700 m Godman & Salvin Yes No Much thicker than adjacent black border No distinct mark Not present Lemon yellow bordered by black Black Yellow and black Flies slowly with shallow wing beats within 1 m of the ground. Solid black Eggs are laid singly; larvae are solitary. Solitary Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 28 December 2000. Updated: 5 June 2001. 25-28 mm 25-28 25 Without a yellow pattern Yellow bar No Aeria Forest Yes Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) No bar or spot Black antennae, opaque yellow bars, no white spots on dorsum. Prestonia spp. Atlantic slope (Refugio Eladio, Poco Sol) to lowlands; rare stray in Monteverde community. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by yellow No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 2 spots per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Rare or none Flies slowly with shallow wing beats within 1 m of the ground. Not present n/a Both Scada zibia Oleria zelica eurimedea Mexico to South America No concern 47-50 mm Call-hezi-fd-528-184.jpg Call-hezi-fd-528.jpg Call-hezi-fv-528-184.jpg Call-hezi-fv-528.jpg Call-hezi-md-513-184.jpg Call-hezi-md-513.jpg Call-hezi-mv-513-184.jpg Call-hezi-mv-513.jpg Callithomia hezia 61 70 Uncommon Orange tip 0-700 m (Hewitson) No Yes Thick and triangular Much thicker than adjacent black border Cell mostly black with light spots at end Not present Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Spotted orange and black Solid black Solitary Solitary Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 15 January 2001. Updated: 5 June 2001. 32-35 mm 35 32 Bright yellow spots or bands No distinct light bar No Callithomia Forest Yes Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) No bar or spot Many small forewing spots, base of forewing black, dorsal hindwing without spots, white spots on ventral hindwing border single. Lycianthes sanctaeclarae Atlantic lowlands, reaching 800 m at Refugio Eladio and Poco Sol. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Rare or none V-shaped Not present n/a Both Napeogenes peredia Hyposcada virginiana Tithorea tarricina hezia Mexico to South America No concern 61-70 mm Cer-tut-fd-5470-184.jpg Cer-tut-fd-5470.jpg Cer-tut-fv-5490-184.jpg Cer-tut-fv-5490.jpg Cera_tuti-md-s5484-184.jpg Cera_tuti-md-s5484.jpg Cer-tut-mv-5486-184.jpg Cer-tut-mv-5486.jpg Ceratinia tutia 52-53 Rare Orange tip 0-1200 m (Bates) No No About same width as adjacent black border Smoky translucent mark Not present Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Tiger Recorded once at San Gerardo (1100 m) and once near La Tigra (450 m). Black broken by light colors Smoky translucent bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 13 January 2001. Updated: 5 June 2001. 27 mm 27 Pale translucent yellow areas Yellow bar Yes Ceratinia Open areas Yes Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) Horizontal bar present Like H. euclea, but translucent; dorsal forewing lacks yellow marginal spots; yellow and black on forewing variable; hindwing discal bar variable. Solanum aphyodendron Cera-tuti-mv-s2631-184.jpg#Cera-tuti-mv-s2631-72.jpg Atlantic slope from about 400-800 m elevation. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Not known Not present n/a Both Hypothyris euclea Pteronymia agalla tutia Nicaragua to South America Special concern 52-53 mm Dir-chi-fd-605-184.jpg Dir-chi-fd-605.jpg Dir-chi-fv-605-184.jpg Dir-chi-fv-605.jpg Dir-chi-md-604-184.jpg Dir-chi-md-604.jpg Dir-chi-mv-604-184.jpg Dir-chi-mv-604.jpg Dircenna chiriquensis 85 80 Uncommon Orange tip 700-1200 m Haensch Translucent smoky gray No About same width as adjacent black border Smoky translucent mark Breeds in cloud forest Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Golden translucent Females oviposit on hostplants in light gaps in the cloud forest as well as in clearings and along forest edges. Solid black Solitary Solitary Smoky translucent bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 17 February 2001. Updated: 5 June 2001. 41-42 mm 41 42 Pale translucent yellow areas No distinct light bar Yes Dircenna Both forest and open Yes Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) No bar or spot Large, top of thorax with yellow midline, antennae orange, more transparent than relata, shading on ventral hindwing disc whitish. Solanum siparunoides Montane forest on both slopes, occasionally down to 800 m in the Río Peñas Blancas valley. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Uncommon Females oviposit on hostplants in light gaps in the cloud forest as well as in clearings and along forest edges. 1200-1500 m n/a Both Dircenna klugii Dircenna relata Eutresis dilucida Eutresis hypereia chiriquensis Mexico to Panama No concern 80-85 mm Dir-der-fd-603-184.jpg Dir-der-fd-603.jpg Dir-der-fv-603-184.jpg Dir-der-fv-603.jpg Dir-der-md-604-184.jpg Dir-der-md-604.jpg Dir-der-mv-604-184.jpg Dir-der-mv-604.jpg Dircenna dero 67 63 Rare Orange tip 0-700 m (Felder & Felder) No No About same width as adjacent black border Smoky translucent mark Not present Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Golden translucent Solid black Solitary Solitary Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 17 February 2001. Updated: 5 June 2001. 32-34 mm 32 34 Pale translucent yellow areas No distinct light bar Yes Dircenna Open areas No Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) No bar or spot Thick black borders , bold black bar in forewing discal cell, hind margin of forewing mostly orange above. Solanum chrysotrichum Solanum rudepannum Río Guacimal valley at 600-700 m. Peñas Blancas valley at 700-800 m. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Rare or none 0-700 m n/a Both Dircenna relata Napeogenes cranto Ithomia xenos Pteronymia agalla dero Mexico to South America No concern 63-67 mm Dir-klu-fd-606-184.jpg Dir-klu-fd-606.jpg Dir-klu-fv-606-184.jpg Dir-klu-fv-606.jpg Dir-klu-md-601-184.jpg Dir-klu-md-601.jpg Dir-klu-mv-601-184.jpg Dir-klu-mv-601.jpg Dircenna klugii 67 67-71 Common Orange tip 1200-1500 m (Geyer) Translucent smoky gray No About same width as adjacent black border Smoky translucent mark Present during migration Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Golden translucent Solid black Solitary Solitary Smoky translucent bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 17 February 2001. Updated: 5 June 2001. 34-35 mm 34-35 35 Pale translucent yellow areas No distinct light bar Yes Dircenna Open areas Yes Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) No bar or spot Medium size, antennae orange, top of thorax with white midline, shading on ventral hindwing disc yellowish. Solanum chrysotrichum Solanum rudepannum Solanum umbellatum Dir-klu-mv-s7366-288.jpg#Dir-klu-mv-s7366-72.jpg On both slopes down to about 700 m. Most abundant on the Pacific side at 1300-1500 m. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Uncommon 700-1500 m n/a Both Dircenna chiriquensis Dircenna relata Ithomia xenos Napeogenes cranto klugii Mexico to Panama No concern 67-71 mm Dir-rel-fd-crm-608-184.jpg Dir-rel-fd-crm-608.jpg Dir-rel-fv-crm-608-184.jpg Dir-rel-fv-crm-608.jpg Dir-rel-md-crm-600-184.jpg Dir-rel-md-crm-600.jpg Dir-rel-mv-crm-600-184.jpg Dir-rel-mv-crm-600.jpg Dircenna olyras 68-69 67-71 Common (Felder & Felder) Fox considered this butterfly to be a full species (Dircenna olyras calverti Fox, 1941), but DeVries (1987) lumped it with D. relata as a form. In Monteverde the dark form with cream antennae and the discal bar reaching vein Cu1 seems distinct and this is Solitary Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 17 February 2001. Updated: 12 June 2001. 34-36 mm 36-38 34-37 Forewing discal cell mostly filled with smoky shading with apical edge reaching vein Cu1, antennae cream in life, medium size, pattern generally bolder than chiriquensis, klugii and relata, shading on ventral hindwing disc whitish, pattern darker in femal Solanum chrysotrichum Solanum cordovense Solanum umbellatum Dirc-olyr-fv-144-168.jpg#Dirc-olyr-fv-144-72.jpg Dir-rel-crm-mv-s7326-168.jpg#Dir-rel-crm-mv-s7326-72.jpg Both slopes down to about 700 m. Both Dircenna relata Hyalyris excelsa Ithomia xenos Napeogenes cranto Nicaragua to Panama 67-71 mm Dir-rel-fd-org-610-184.jpg Dir-rel-fd-org-610.jpg Dir-rel-fv-org-610-184.jpg Dir-rel-fv-org-610.jpg Dir-rel-md-org-602-184.jpg Dir-rel-md-org-602.jpg Dir-rel-mv-org-602-184.jpg Dir-rel-mv-org-602.jpg Dircenna relata 74 71 Common Orange tip 700-1500 m Butler & Druce Translucent smoky gray No About same width as adjacent black border Smoky translucent mark Present during migration Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Golden translucent Solid black Solitary Solitary Smoky translucent bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 17 February 2001. Updated: 5 June 2001. 36-37 mm 36 37 Pale translucent yellow areas No distinct light bar Yes Dircenna Both forest and open Yes Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) No bar or spot Antennae orange in life, smoky shading in forewing discal cell not reaching vein Cu1, size medium, pattern generally bolder than chiriquensis and klugii but less than olyras, shading on ventral hindwing disc often yellow, pattern darker in female. Solanum chrysotrichum Solanum rudepannum Solanum umbellatum Dir-rel-org-mv-s7342-288.jpg#Dir-rel-org-mv-s7342-72.jpg Both slopes down to about 700 m. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Common 700-1500 m Yes (Male) Male Dircenna klugii Dircenna olyras Hyalyris excelsa Ithomia xenos Napeogenes cranto relata Nicaragua to Panama No concern 71-74 mm Dir-rel-fd-org-610-184.jpg Dir-rel-fd-org-610.jpg Dir-rel-fv-org-610-184.jpg Dir-rel-fv-org-610.jpg Dir-rel-md-org-602-184.jpg Dir-rel-md-org-602.jpg Dir-rel-mv-org-602-184.jpg Dir-rel-mv-org-602.jpg Dircenna relata 74 71 Common Orange tip 700-1500 m Butler & Druce Translucent smoky gray No About same width as adjacent black border Smoky translucent mark Present during migration Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Golden translucent Solid black Solitary Solitary Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 17 February 2001. Updated: 5 June 2001. 36-37 mm 36 37 Pale translucent yellow areas No distinct light bar Yes Dircenna Both forest and open Yes Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) No bar or spot Antennae orange in life, smoky shading in forewing discal cell not reaching vein Cu1, size medium, pattern generally bolder than chiriquensis and klugii but less than olyras, shading on ventral hindwing disc often yellow, pattern darker in female. Solanum chrysotrichum Solanum rudepannum Solanum umbellatum Dir-rel-org-mv-s7342-288.jpg#Dir-rel-org-mv-s7342-72.jpg Both slopes down to about 700 m. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Common 700-1500 m No (Female) Female Dircenna klugi Dircenna olyras Hyalyris excelsa Napeogenes cranto Ithomia xenos relata Nicaragua to Panama No concern 71-74 mm Epi-sal-fd-616-184.jpg Epi-sal-fd-616.jpg Epi-sal-fv-616-184.jpg Epi-sal-fv-616.jpg Epi-sal-md-615-184.jpg Epi-sal-md-615.jpg Epi-sal-mv-615-184.jpg Epi-sal-mv-615.jpg Episcada salvinia 51 50-52 Common Black tip 1200-1500 m (Bates) Black ground with small yellow spots No Partly white Narrow About same width as adjacent black border Same as neighboring cells No distinct mark Breeds in cloud forest Silver-white at base Clear with black veins Black Clearwing Black bordered by orange-brown With some red- or orange-brown Aggregated Clustered Triangular (end pointed) Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber,whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 28 December 2000. Updated: 12 June 2001. No 26 mm 26 26 Without a yellow pattern No distinct light bar No Episcada Open areas Yes Transparent (clear with black veins) No bar or spot Postdiscal bar triangular with pointed end, border of dorsal hindwing often red-brown, hindwing fringe scales black, forewing vein M2 partly white, head narrow compared with Pteronymia. Uniformly smooth Solanum aphyodendron Epis-salv-mv-s1848-184.jpg#Epis-salv-mv-s1848-72.jpg Most abundant on the Pacific side at 1300-1500 m. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Red-brown with black edging (clearwings) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No spots No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Common V-shaped 1200-1500 m Yes (Male) Male Pteronymia simplex Pteronymia artena Greta anette salvinia Mexico to Panama No concern 50-52 mm Epi-sal-fd-616-184.jpg Epi-sal-fd-616.jpg Epi-sal-fv-616-184.jpg Epi-sal-fv-616.jpg Epi-sal-md-615-184.jpg Epi-sal-md-615.jpg Epi-sal-mv-615-184.jpg Epi-sal-mv-615.jpg Episcada salvinia 51 52 Common Black tip 1200-1500 m (Bates) Black ground with small yellow spots No Partly white Narrow About same width as adjacent black border Same as neighboring cells No distinct mark Breeds in cloud forest Silver-white at base Clear with black veins Black Clearwing Black bordered by orange-brown With some red- or orange-brown Aggregated Clustered Triangular (end pointed) Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber,whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 28 December 2000. Updated: 12 June 2001. No 26 mm 26 26 Without a yellow pattern White bar No Episcada Open areas Yes Transparent (clear with black veins) No bar or spot Postdiscal bar triangular with pointed end, border of dhw usually black, hw fringe scales black, fw vein M2 partly white. Uniformly smooth Solanum aphyodendron Epis-salv-mv-s1848-184.jpg#Epis-salv-mv-s1848-72.jpg Most abundant on the Pacific side at 1300-1500 m. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by transparent (clearwings) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No spots No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Common V-shaped 1200-1500 m No (Female) Female Pteronymia simplex Pteronymia artena Greta anette salvinia Mexico to Panama No concern 50-52 mm Eut-dil-fd-667-184.jpg Eut-dil-fd-667.jpg Eut-dil-fv-667-184.jpg Eut-dil-fv-667.jpg Eut-dil-md-360-184.jpg Eut-dil-md-360.jpg Eut-dil-mv-360-184.jpg Eut-dil-mv-360.jpg Eutresis dilucida 89 92 Uncommon Orange tip 700-1500 m Staudinger No No About same width as adjacent black border Opaque bar or spot Breeds in cloud forest Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Golden translucent Often flies in subcanopy and canopy where the host plants are epiphytic shrubs. Solid black Aggregated Solitary Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber,whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 28 December 2000. Updated: 12 June 2001. 46-47 mm 46-47 46 Pale translucent yellow areas No distinct light bar Yes Eutresis Forest Yes Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) No bar or spot Large, Dircenna pattern, marginal spots on ventral hindwing paired, window in forewing discal cell pointed, without bold white spots at ventral forewing apex, hindwing dull brown. Schultesianthus megalandrus Upper Pacific slope above 1400 m (lower cloud forest); rarely on the Atlantic slope (800 m). No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 2 spots per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Uncommon Often flies in subcanopy and canopy where the host plants are epiphytic shrubs. 1200-1500 m n/a Both Eutresis hypereia Olyras crathis Dircenna chiriquensis Lycorea ilione dilucida Costa Rica and Panama Special concern 89-92 mm Eut-hyp-fd-668-184.jpg Eut-hyp-fd-668.jpg Eut-hyp-fv-668-184.jpg Eut-hyp-fv-668.jpg Eut-hyp-md-361-184.jpg Eut-hyp-md-361.jpg Eut-hyp-mv-361-184.jpg Eut-hyp-mv-361.jpg Eutresis hypereia 82 86 Rare Orange tip Godman & Salvin No No Much thicker than adjacent black border Opaque bar or spot Not present Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Golden translucent Flies at canopy level where the host plants grow. Schultesianthus is an epiphyte, while Solandra is a canopy liana. Oviposition was observed on Solandra, but the larvae preferred Schultesianthus. Black bordered by orange-brown Aggregated Clustered Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber,whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 28 December 2000. Updated: 5 June 2001. 43-45 mm 45 43 Pale translucent yellow areas No distinct light bar Yes Eutresis Forest Yes Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) No bar or spot Large, Dircenna pattern, marginal spots paired on ventral hindwing, window in forewing discal cell almost square, two bold white spots at ventral hindwing apex, hindwing orangy. Schultesianthus megalandrus Solandra grandiflora Upper Pacific slope at 1300-1500 m. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 2 spots per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Rare or none Flies at canopy level where the host plants grow. Schultesianthus is an epiphyte, while Solandra is a canopy liana. Oviposition was observed on Solandra, but the larvae prefer Schultesianthus. 1200-1500 m n/a Both Eutresis dilucida Dircenna chiriquensis Lycorea ilione hypereia Costa Rica to South America 82-86 mm Gody-zava-fd-538-184.jpg Gody-zava-fd-538.jpg Gody-zava-fv-538-184.jpg Gody-zava-fv-538.jpg Gody-zava-md-550-184.jpg Gody-zava-md-550.jpg Gody-zava-mv-550-184.jpg Gody-zava-mv-550.jpg Godyris zavaleta 62 65 Uncommon Orange tip 0-1200 m Fox Yes No About same width as adjacent black border Smoky translucent mark Not present Lemon yellow bordered by black Black Yellow and black Sexually dimorphic; female belongs to a different mimicry pattern. Solid black Solitary Solitary Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 13 January 2001. Updated: 5 June 2001. Smoky translucent mark 31-33 mm 33 31 Pale translucent yellow areas Yellow bar Yes Godyris Forest Yes Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) No bar or spot Similar to the male, but hindwing discal area red-brown not yellow, prominent white marginal spots above, forewing more yellow than G. zygia. Cestrum nocturnum ?cf.? Atlantic slope from lowlands to about 900 m; less abundant toward lowlands. Common at Refugio Eladio and Poco Sol; not reaching San Gerardo. Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by yellow Yes (4 or more spots along margin) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Altitudinal migration on Atlantic slope? Flies at 1-5 m in forest understory and light gaps. Not present Yes (Male) Male Godyris zygia Olyras insignis Napeogenes cranto Oleria zelica zavaleta Mexico to South America No concern 62-65 mm Gody-zava-fd-538-184.jpg Gody-zava-fd-538.jpg Gody-zava-fv-538-184.jpg Gody-zava-fv-538.jpg Gody-zava-md-550-184.jpg Gody-zava-md-550.jpg Gody-zava-mv-550-184.jpg Gody-zava-mv-550.jpg Godyris zavaleta 62 65 Uncommon Orange tip 0-1200 m Fox No No About same width as adjacent black border Smoky translucent mark Not present Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Barless tigre Sexually dimorphic; female belongs to a different mimicry pattern. Solid black Solitary Solitary Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 13 January 2001. Updated: 5 June 2001. 31-33 mm 33 31 Pale translucent yellow areas Yellow bar Yes Godyris Forest Yes Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) No bar or spot Similar to the male, but hw discal area red-brown not yellow, prominent white marginal spots above, fw more yellow than G. zygia. Cestrum nocturnum ?cf.? Atlantic slope from lowlands to about 900 m; less abundant toward lowlands. Common at Refugio Eladio and Poco Sol; not reaching San Gerardo. Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by orange-brown Yes (4 or more spots along margin) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Altitudinal migration on Atlantic slope? Not present No (Female) Female Godyris zygia Hyalyris excelsa Dircenna dero Mechanitis polymnia zavaleta Mexico to South America No concern 62-65 mm Gody-zygi-fd-539-184.jpg Gody-zygi-fd-539.jpg Gody-zygi-fv-539-184.jpg Gody-zygi-fv-539.jpg God-zyg-md-663-184.jpg God-zyg-md-663.jpg God-zyg-mv-663-184.jpg God-zyg-mv-663.jpg Godyris zygia 63 60 Not recorded from Monteverde. Orange tip (Godman & Salvin) No About same width as adjacent black border Smoky translucent mark Not present Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Yellow and black May be a Pacific slope subspecies of G. zavaleta (DeVries 1987). Solid black Solitary Solitary Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 13 January 2001. Updated: 12 June 2001. 30-33 mm 30 33 Pale translucent yellow areas Yellow bar Yes Godyris Forest Yes Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) No bar or spot Similar to male G. zavaleta, but smoky pattern more pronounced, forewing discal cell mostly dark, forewing with much less yellow. Cestrum nocturnum ?cf.? Gody-zygi-fv-s2672-184.jpg#Gody-zygi-fv-s2672-72.jpg Southern pacific region at 0-1000 m reaching as far north as the Central Valley. Not recorded from the Monteverde region. Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by orange-brown Yes (4 or more spots along margin) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Not known Yes (Male) Male Godyris zavaleta Oleria zelica zygia Costa Rica and Panama No concern 60-63 mm Gody-zygi-fd-539-184.jpg Gody-zygi-fd-539.jpg Gody-zygi-fv-539-184.jpg Gody-zygi-fv-539.jpg God-zyg-md-663-184.jpg God-zyg-md-663.jpg God-zyg-mv-663-184.jpg God-zyg-mv-663.jpg Godyris zygia 63 60 Not recorded from Monteverde. Orange tip (Godman & Salvin) No About same width as adjacent black border Smoky translucent mark Not present Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Barless tigre May be a Pacific slope subspecies of G. zavaleta (DeVries 1987). Solid black Solitary Solitary Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 13 January 2001. Updated: 12 June 2001. 30-33 mm 30 33 Pale translucent yellow areas Yellow bar Yes Godyris Forest No Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) No bar or spot Similar to female G. zavaleta, but smoky pattern more pronounced, fw discal cell mostly dark, fw with much less yellow. Cestrum nocturnum ?cf.? Gody-zygi-fv-s2672-184.jpg#Gody-zygi-fv-s2672-72.jpg Southern pacific region at 0-1000 m reaching as far north as the Central Valley. Not recorded from the Monteverde region. Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by orange-brown Yes (4 or more spots along margin) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Not known No (Female) Female Godyris zavaleta Dircenna dero Napeogenes cranto zygia Costa Rica and Panama No concern 60-63 mm Gre-and-fd-634-184.jpg Gre-and-fd-634.jpg Gre-and-fv-634-184.jpg Gre-and-fv-634.jpg Gre-and-md-633-184.jpg Gre-and-md-633.jpg Gre-and-mv-633-184.jpg Gre-and-mv-633.jpg Greta andromica 56 52 Uncommon Black tip 700-1500 m (Salvin) No No All black Narrow About same width as adjacent black border Much thinner than neighboring cells No distinct mark Present during migration All brown Clear with black veins Black Clearwing Black bordered by orange-brown All black Unknown Rectangular (end broad) Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 3 April 2001. 5 June 2001. No 27 mm 27 27 Without a yellow pattern White bar No Greta Forest Yes Transparent (clear with black veins) No bar or spot Forewing veins M2 and M3 strongly bowed, dorsal borders entirely black, forewing vein M2 all black. With tooth-like projections Unknown Pacific slope at 1200 to 1500 m; Atlantic slope at 700-1500 m. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by transparent (clearwings) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No spots No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Uncommon Convex 1200-1500 m n/a Both Greta anette Pteronymia artena Heteroscada edessa Hypoleria cassotis andromica Guatemala to South America No concern 52-56 mm Gre-ane-fd-638-184.jpg Gre-ane-fd-638.jpg Gre-ane-fv-638-184.jpg Gre-ane-fv-638.jpg Gre-ane-md-637-184.jpg Gre-ane-md-637.jpg Gre-ane-mv-637-184.jpg Gre-ane-mv-637.jpg Greta anette 55 60 Common Black tip 1200-1500 m (Guérin-Ménéville) No No All black Narrow About same width as adjacent black border Much thinner than neighboring cells No distinct mark Breeds in cloud forest All brown Clear with black veins Orange-brown Clearwing Black bordered by orange-brown With some red- or orange-brown Solitary Solitary Thin, barely wider than veins Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 3 April 2001. 5 June 2001. No 26-29 mm 26-29 26 Without a yellow pattern No distinct light bar No Greta Forest Yes Transparent (clear with black veins) No bar or spot Dorsal borders red-brown, forewing postdiscal bar narrow, M2 and M3 at most weakly bowed, costal margin of ventral hindwing without a central black spot (as seen in male G. polissena). With tooth-like projections Cestrum fragile Cestrum irazuense Cestrum lanatum Cestrum megalophyllum Cestrum rugulosum Cestrum Button Gre-ane-fv-3561-168.jpg#Gre-ane-fv-3561-72.jpg Gre-ane-mv-7052-168.jpg#Gre-ane-mv-7052-72.jpg On both slopes at about 1200 to 1500 m. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Red-brown with black edging (clearwings) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No spots No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Common Convex 1200-1500 m Yes (Male) Male Greta polissena Pteronymia simplex Hypoleria cassotis anette Mexico to Panama No concern 55-60 mm Gre-ane-fd-638-184.jpg Gre-ane-fd-638.jpg Gre-ane-fv-638-184.jpg Gre-ane-fv-638.jpg Gre-ane-md-637-184.jpg Gre-ane-md-637.jpg Gre-ane-mv-637-184.jpg Gre-ane-mv-637.jpg Greta anette 55 60 Common Black tip 1200-1500 m (Guérin-Ménéville) No No All black Narrow About same width as adjacent black border Much thinner than neighboring cells No distinct mark Breeds in cloud forest All brown Clear with black veins Orange-brown Clearwing Black bordered by orange-brown With some red- or orange-brown Solitary Solitary Rectangular (end broad) Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 3 April 2001. 5 June 2001. No 26-29 mm 26-29 26 Without a yellow pattern No distinct light bar No Greta Forest Yes Transparent (clear with black veins) No bar or spot Dorsal borders red-brown, postdiscal bar wide, M2 and M3 at most weakly bowed. With tooth-like projections Cestrum fragile Cestrum irazuense Cestrum lanatum Cestrum megalophyllum Cestrum rugulosum Cestrum Button Gre-ane-fv-3561-168.jpg#Gre-ane-fv-3561-72.jpg Gre-ane-mv-7052-168.jpg#Gre-ane-mv-7052-72.jpg On both slopes at about 1200 to 1500 m. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Red-brown with black edging (clearwings) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No spots No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Common Convex 1200-1500 m No (Female) Female Greta polissena Pteronymia simplex Hypoleria cassotis anette Mexico to Panama No concern 55-60 mm Gre-ner-fd-632-184.jpg Gre-ner-fd-632.jpg Gre-ner-fv-632-184.jpg Gre-ner-fv-632.jpg Gre-ner-md-631-184.jpg Gre-ner-md-631.jpg Gre-ner-mv-631-184.jpg Gre-ner-mv-631.jpg Greta nero 61 60 Uncommon Black tip 700-1500 m (Hewitson) No No Partly white Narrow About same width as adjacent black border Much thinner than neighboring cells No distinct mark Present during migration All brown Clear with black veins Black Clearwing Black bordered by orange-brown With some red- or orange-brown Solitary Solitary Rectangular (end broad) Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 3 April 2001. Updated: 5 June 2001. No 29-32 mm 29-30 32 Without a yellow pattern White bar No Greta Both forest and open Yes Transparent (clear with black veins) No bar or spot Forewing postdiscal bar very broad, forewing vein M2 partly white, dorsal hindwing border usually with red-brown. With tooth-like projections Cestrum racemosum On both slopes at 700 to 1500 m. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Red-brown with black edging (clearwings) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No spots No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Uncommon Convex 700-1500 m n/a Both Greta anette Pteronymia artena Hypoleria cassotis nero Mexico to Panama No concern 60-61 mm Gre-oto-fd-630-184.jpg Gre-oto-fd-630.jpg Gre-oto-fv-630-184.jpg Gre-oto-fv-630.jpg Gre-oto-md-629-184.jpg Gre-oto-md-629.jpg Gre-oto-mv-629-184.jpg Gre-oto-mv-629.jpg Greta oto 58 56 Common Black tip 0-1500 m (Hewitson) No No Partly white Thick and triangular Much thicker than adjacent black border Much thinner than neighboring cells No distinct mark Present during migration All brown Clear with black veins Black Clearwing Black bordered by orange-brown With some red- or orange-brown Solitary Solitary Rectangular (end broad) Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 8 April 2001. Updated: 5 June 2001. No 27-31 mm 27-31 29 Without a yellow pattern White bar No Greta Both forest and open Yes Transparent (clear with black veins) No bar or spot Black forewing apex broad with inner edge almost straight, white medial bar strong and bordering black apex. With tooth-like projections Cestrum lanatum Cestrum racemosum Cestrum San Gre-oto-mv-s7372-184.jpg#Gre-oto-mv-s7372-72.jpg Common on Pacific side from lowlands to 1500 m, rare on Atlantic slope down to 200 m. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Red-brown with black edging (clearwings) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No spots No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Common Convex 0-1500 m n/a Both Oleria paula Ithomia patilla Pteronymia cotytto oto Mexico to Panama No concern 56-58 mm Gre-pol-fd-636-184.jpg Gre-pol-fd-636.jpg Gre-pol-fv-636-184.jpg Gre-pol-fv-636.jpg Gre-pol-md-635-184.jpg Gre-pol-md-635.jpg Gre-pol-mv-635-184.jpg Gre-pol-mv-635.jpg Greta polissena 52 55 Common Black tip 700-1500 m (Haensch) No No All black Narrow About same width as adjacent black border Same as neighboring cells No distinct mark Breeds in cloud forest All brown Clear with black veins Black Clearwing Black bordered by orange-brown With some red- or orange-brown Solitary Solitary Thin, barely wider than veins Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 3 April 2001. Updated: 5 June 2001. No 27-29 mm 27 29 Without a yellow pattern No distinct light bar No Greta Forest Yes Transparent (clear with black veins) No bar or spot Forewing postdiscal bar narrow, dorsal borders mostly black, costal margin of ventral hindwing of male with a central black spot. With tooth-like projections Cestrum fragile Cestrum irazuense Cestrum megalophyllum Cestrum rugulosum Cestrum panamense Cestrum button Gret-poli-mv-o2-184.jpg#Gret-poli-mv-o2-72.jpg Common on upper Pacific slope at 1300 to 1600 m and Atlantic slope down to 700 m (Poco sol). No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Red-brown with black edging (clearwings) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No spots No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Common Convex 1200-1500 m Yes (Male) Male Greta anette Pteronymia simplex Pteronymia artena Hypoleria cassotis polissena Costa Rica to South America No concern 52-55 mm Gre-pol-fd-636-184.jpg Gre-pol-fd-636.jpg Gre-pol-fv-636-184.jpg Gre-pol-fv-636.jpg Gre-pol-md-635-184.jpg Gre-pol-md-635.jpg Gre-pol-mv-635-184.jpg Gre-pol-mv-635.jpg Greta polissena 52 55 Common Black tip 700-1500 m (Haensch) No No All black Narrow About same width as adjacent black border Same as neighboring cells No distinct mark Breeds in cloud forest All brown Clear with black veins Black Clearwing Black bordered by orange-brown All black Solitary Solitary Rectangular (end broad) Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 3 April 2001. Updated: 5 June 2001. No 27-29 mm 27 29 Without a yellow pattern White bar No Greta Forest Yes Transparent (clear with black veins) No bar or spot Dorsal borders entirely black, postdiscal bar wide, M2 and M3 at most weakly bowed. With tooth-like projections Cestrum fragile Cestrum irazuense Cestrum megalophyllum Cestrum rugulosum Cestrum panamense Cestrum Button Gret-poli-mv-o2-184.jpg#Gret-poli-mv-o2-72.jpg Common on upper Pacific slope at 1300 to 1600 m and Atlantic slope down to 700 m (Poco sol). No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by transparent (clearwings) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No spots No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Common Convex 1200-1500 m No (Female) Female Greta andromica Pteronymia simplex Pteronymia artena Hypoleria cassotis polissena Costa Rica to South America No concern 52-55 mm Het-ede-md-639-184.jpg Het-ede-md-639.jpg Het-ede-mv-639-184.jpg Het-ede-mv-639.jpg Heterosais edessa 59 54 Rare Black tip 0-700 m (Bates) No No Partly white Narrow About same width as adjacent black border Same as neighboring cells No distinct mark Not present All brown Clear with black veins Black Clearwing Recorded only a few times from the Monteverde region in the lower Río Peñas Blancas drainage at 350 m. Solid black All black Unknown Unknown Rectangular (end broad) Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 3 April 2001. Updated: 5 June 2001. No 27-28 mm 27 27-28 Without a yellow pattern White bar No Heterosais Forest Yes Transparent (clear with black veins) No bar or spot Forewing apex with black border uniformly narrow, veins on coastal margin of ventral hindwing raised, dorsal borders entirely black, margin of ventral hindwing with white spots only at apex (compare with female). With tooth-like projections Unknown Below 700 m on Atlantic slope. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by transparent (clearwings) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No spots No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Rare or none Convex Not present Yes (Male) Male Greta polissena Hypoleria cassotis Pteronymia artena edessa Costa Rica to South America Endangered 54-59 mm n/a n/a Het-ede-md-639-184.jpg Het-ede-md-639.jpg Het-ede-mv-639-184.jpg Het-ede-mv-639.jpg Heterosais edessa 59 54 Rare Black tip 0-700 m (Bates) No No Partly white Narrow About same width as adjacent black border Same as neighboring cells No distinct mark Not present All brown Clear with black veins Black Clearwing Recorded only a few times from the Monteverde region in the lower Río Peñas Blancas drainage at 350 m. Solid black All black Unknown Unknown Rectangular (end broad) Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 3 April 2001. Updated: 5 June 2001. No 27-28 mm 27 27-28 Without a yellow pattern White bar No Heterosais Forest Yes Transparent (clear with black veins) No bar or spot FW apex with black border uniformly narrow, dorsal borders entirely black, margin of vhw with two white spots per cell (compare with male). With tooth-like projections Unknown Below 700 m on Atlantic slope. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by transparent (clearwings) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 2 spots per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Rare or none Convex Not present No (Female) Female Greta polissena Hypoleria cassotis Pteronymia artena edessa Costa Rica to South America Endangered 54-59 mm Hya-exc-fd-605-1-184.jpg Hya-exc-fd-605-1.jpg Hya-exc-fv-605-2-184.jpg Hya-exc-fv-605-2.jpg Hyal-exce-md-504-184.jpg Hyal-exce-md-504.jpg Hyal-exce-mv-504-184.jpg Hyal-exce-mv-504.jpg Hyalyris excelsa 78 78 Uncommon Orange tip 700-1500 m (Godman & Salvin) No Yes About same width as adjacent black border Cell mostly black with light spots at end Present during migration Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Spotted orange and black Except for Solanum siparunoides, the hostplants grow below the level of the cloud forest, and H. excelsa has not been found breeding in the cloud forest. Black broken by light colors Solitary Solitary Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 12 January 2001. Updated: 5 June 2001. 38-40 mm 38-40 Pale translucent yellow areas No distinct light bar No Hyalyris Both forest and open Yes Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) No bar or spot Forewing base all black, broad black outer margin of hindwing with straight inner edge, marginal spots yellow on ventral forewing, white on ventral hindwing and not paired. Solanum accrescens Solanum lanceifolium Solanum siparunoides Hya-exc-mv-s7317-184.jpg#Hya-exc-mv-s7317-72.jpg At about 700-1500 m on both slopes. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Common Except for Solanum siparunoides, the hostplants grow below the level of the cloud forest, and H. excelsa has not been found breeding in the cloud forest. 700-1500 m n/a Both Olyras crathis Tithorea tarricina Thyridia psidii Mechanitis polymnia excelsa Costa Rica to South America No concern 78 mm Hyp-cas-fd-359-184.jpg Hyp-cas-fd-359.jpg Hyp-cas-fv-359-184.jpg Hyp-cas-fv-359.jpg Hyp-cas-md-358-184.jpg Hyp-cas-md-358.jpg Hyp-cas-mv-358-184.jpg Hyp-cas-mv-358.jpg Hypoleria cassotis 50 47 Uncommon Black tip 0-1200 m (Bates) No No Partly white Thick and triangular Much thicker than adjacent black border Same as neighboring cells No distinct mark Not present All brown Clear with black veins Black Clearwing Black bordered by orange-brown All black Solitary Solitary Rectangular (end broad) Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber,whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 28 December 2000. Updated: 12 June 2001. No 25-26 mm 25 26 Without a yellow pattern White bar No Hypoleria Forest Yes Transparent (clear with black veins) No bar or spot Black border of forewing apex wide with inner edge broken by two poorly defined clear spots, hindwing border with smooth inner edge, dorsal borders entirely black. Uniformly smooth Cestrum megalophyllum Hyp-cas-fv-8089-168.jpg#Hyp-cas-fv-8089-72.jpg Hyp-cas-mv-8111-168.jpg#Hyp-cas-mv-8111-72.jpg Most common on Atlantic side; rarely recorded as a stray on upper Pacific slope. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by transparent (clearwings) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No spots No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Rare or none Convex Not present n/a Both Pseudoscada utilla Pteronymia parva Ithomia patilla Heterosais edessa cassotis Mexico to Panama No concern 47-50 mm Hypo-virg-fd-502-184.jpg Hypo-virg-fd-502.jpg Hypo-virg-fv-501-184.jpg Hypo-virg-fv-501.jpg Hypo-virg-md-503-184.jpg Hypo-virg-md-503.jpg Hypo-virg-mv-503-184.jpg Hypo-virg-mv-503.jpg Hyposcada virginiana 58-63 67 Uncommon Black tip 0-1200 m (Haensch) No Yes About same width as adjacent black border Cell mostly black with light spots at end Not present Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Spotted orange and black The only ithomiine in Costa Rica known to use Gesneriaceae as larval hosts. Solid black Solitary Solitary Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber,whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 28 December 2000. Updated: 12 June 2001. 33-34 mm 34 33 Without a yellow pattern No distinct light bar No Hyposcada Forest Yes Opaque No bar or spot Spots on forewing white- not yellow, antennae black, bold white spots at hindwing apex. Columnea consanguinea ?(Gesneriaceae)?|Columnea grata ?(Gesneriaceae)?|Drymonia conchocalyx ?(Gesneriaceae)? Hyp-vir-mv-7264-168.jpg#Hyp-vir-mv-7264-72.jpg Uncommon on upper Pacific slope, more abundant at mid-elevation on Atlantic slope (Refugio Eladio). No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No spots No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Uncommon Tends to be solitary and not join leks of other ithomiines, but two or more males often congregate in open spots in the understory. 1200-1500 m n/a Both Napeogenes peredia Napeogenes tolosa Callithomia hezia Mechanitis polymnia virginiana Mexico to South America No concern 58-67 mm Hyp-euc-fd-604-2-184.jpg Hyp-euc-fd-604-2.jpg Hyp-euc-fv-604-1-184.jpg Hyp-euc-fv-604-1.jpg Hypo-eucl-md-514-184.jpg Hypo-eucl-md-514.jpg Hypo-eucl-mv-514-184.jpg Hypo-eucl-mv-514.jpg Hypothyris euclea 55 55 Uncommon Orange tip 0-700 m Haensch No No About same width as adjacent black border Opaque bar or spot Not present Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Tiger The hostplant is found at Poco Sol. Anywhere else, the species is probably a stray. Only seen in Monteverde as a rare migrant or stray. Rare individuals have the fw markings white instead of yellow. Black bordered by orange-brown Aggregated Clustered Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber,whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 28 December 2000. Updated: 12 June 2001. 30 mm 30 Bright yellow spots or bands Yellow bar No Hypothyris Both forest and open No Opaque Horizontal bar present Small, black spot in forewing discal cell teardrop-shaped, only two yellow patches on forewing in addition to marginal spot line, strong hindwing discal bar. Solanum rugosum Atlantic lowlands up to about 600 m. Found only on the lower edge of the Monteverde Reserve complex. Rare on Pacific slope at 900 m. Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Rare or none 700-1500 m n/a Both Melinaea ethra Mechanitis polymnia Mechanitis lysimnia euclea Mexico to South America No concern 55 mm Hypo-lyca-fd-529-184.jpg Hypo-lyca-fd-529.jpg Hypo-lyca-fv-529.-184.jpg Hypo-lyca-fv-529.jpg Hypo-lyca-md-526-184.jpg Hypo-lyca-md-526.jpg Hypo-lyca-mv-526-184.jpg Hypo-lyca-mv-526.jpg Hypothyris lycaste 66-67 67 Uncommon Orange tip 0-700 m (Bates) No No About same width as adjacent black border Cell mostly black with light spots at end Present during migration Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Barless tigre Typical of forest edge and secondary areas. The hostplant grows in old pastures, coffee patches and forest edge. Black broken by light colors Solitary Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber,whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 28 December 2000. Updated: 12 June 2001. 31-34 mm 34 31-33 Bright yellow spots or bands Yellow bar No Hypothyris Open areas No Opaque Dark spot present No white spots on ventral hindwing, base of forewing orange-brown; hindwing disal bar may be strong, reduced to a spot or absent; black border of hindwing poorly developed. Solanum accrescens Hyp-lyc-mv-s7341-184.jpg#Hyp-lyc-mv-s7341-72.jpg Pacific slope at 1000-1400 m; Atlantic slope at about 400-700 m. Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No spots Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Uncommon Typical of forest edge and secondary areas. The hostplant grows in old pastures, coffee patches and forest edge. 700-1200 m n/a Male Mechanitis polymnia Tithorea harmonia Napeogenes tolosa lycaste Mexico to South America No concern 66-67 mm Hypo-lyca-fd-529-184.jpg Hypo-lyca-fd-529.jpg Hypo-lyca-fv-529.-184.jpg Hypo-lyca-fv-529.jpg Hypo-lyca-md-526-184.jpg Hypo-lyca-md-526.jpg Hypo-lyca-mv-526-184.jpg Hypo-lyca-mv-526.jpg Hypothyris lycaste 66-67 67 Uncommon Orange tip 0-700 m (Bates) No No About same width as adjacent black border Cell mostly black with light spots at end Present during migration Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Tiger Typical of forest edge and secondary areas. The hostplant grows in old pastures, coffee patches and forest edge. Black broken by light colors Solitary Solitary Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber,whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 28 December 2000. Updated: 12 June 2001. 31-34 mm 34 31-33 Bright yellow spots or bands Yellow bar No Hypothyris Open areas No Opaque No bar or spot No white spots on vhw, base of fw orange-brown; may have a black spot or bar on hw disc or lack it entirely; hw black border reduced. Solanum accrescens Hyp-lyc-mv-s7341-184.jpg#Hyp-lyc-mv-s7341-72.jpg Pacific slope at 1000-1400 m; Atlantic slope at about 400-700 m. Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No spots No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Uncommon Typical forest edge and secondary areas. The hostplant grows in old pastures, coffee patches and forest edge. 700-1200 m n/a Female Mechanitis polymnia Tithorea harmonia Napeogenes tolosa lycaste Mexico to South America No concern 66-67 mm Ith_bol-fd-o383-184.jpg Ith-bol-fd-o383.jpg Ith_bol-fv-o384-184.jpg Ith-bol-fv-o384.jpg Ith-bol-md-o249-184.jpg Ith-bol-md-o249.jpg Ith_bol-mv-o250-184.jpg Ith-bol-mv-o250.jpg Ithomia bolivari 45 45 Not yet recorded Black tip Not present Schaus No No Partly white Thick and triangular Much thicker than adjacent black border Same as neighboring cells No distinct mark Not present Yellow at base Clear with black veins Black Clearwing Solid black All black Unknown Unknown Rectangular (end broad) Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber,whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 28 December 2000. Updated: 8 June 2001. No 23 mm 23 23 Without a yellow pattern White bar No Ithomia Forest Yes Transparent (clear with black veins) No bar or spot Small, no red-brown in the borders above, black postdiscal bar large, white subapical bar of forewing strong and covers vein M2. Uniformly smooth Unknown Ith-bol-mv-8096-168.jpg#Ith-bol-mv-8096-72.jpg Not yet found in our area. Occurs in the Atlantic lowlands to the south (La Selva Biological Station, Braulio Carillo National Park). No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by transparent (clearwings) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No spots No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Rare or none V-shaped Not present n/a Both Ithomia patilla Ithomia diasa Oleria paula Hypoleria cassotis bolivari Costa Rica and Panama Threatened 45 mm Ithom-cele-fd-519-184.jpg Ithom-cele-fd-519.jpg Ithom-cele-fv-521-184.jpg Ithom-cele-fv-521.jpg Ith-cel-md-603-2-184.jpg Ith-cel-md-603-2.jpg Ith-cel-mv-603-2-184.jpg Ith-cel-mv-603-2.jpg Ithomia celemia 59 60 Not yet recorded. Orange tip Not present Butler & Druce No About same width as adjacent black border Opaque bar or spot Not present Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Orange-brown Barless tigre Black bordered by orange-brown Solitary Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 9 January 2001. Updated: 6 June 2001. 31 mm 31 Bright yellow spots or bands Yellow bar No Ithomia Forest No Opaque No bar or spot Wings short, no black on forewing rear margin, round black spot in forewing discal cell, orange-brown grown color opaque, marginal spots all yellow- not white, no hindwing discal bar. Cuatresia riparia Not recorded from our region. Occurs in the southern Pacific area as far north as Quepos. Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by orange-brown Yes (4 or more spots along margin) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Not known 0-1200 m n/a Both Mechanitis lysimnia Mechanitis polymnia Melinaea scylax celemia Costa Rica to South America n/a 59-60 mm Ith-dia-fd-5492-184.jpg Ith-dia-fd-5492.jpg Ith-dia-fv-5493-184.jpg Ith-dia-fv-5493.jpg Ith-dia-md-o251-184.jpg Ith-dia-md-o251.jpg Ith-dia-mv-o340-184.jpg Ith_dia-mv-o340.jpg Ithomia diasa 47 Rare Black tip 0-1200 m Bates No No Partly white Thick and triangular Much thicker than adjacent black border Same as neighboring cells Opaque bar or spot Not present Yellow at base Clear with black veins Black Clearwing Solid black With some red- or orange-brown Solitary Rectangular (end broad) Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 9 January 2001. Updated: 6 June 2001. Yes 25 mm 25 Without a yellow pattern White bar No Ithomia Both forest and open Yes Transparent (clear with black veins) No bar or spot Black postdiscal bar short, bar in forewing discal cell, red-brown in dorsal hindwing border faint or absent. Uniformly smooth Witheringia asterotricha Witheringia meiantha Atlantic slope up to 800 m; San Luis valley at 1100 m; occasional stray on upper Pacific slope. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Red-brown with black edging (clearwings) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No spots No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Rare or none V-shaped Not present n/a Both Ithomia patilla Oleria rubescens Hypoleria cassotis diasa Nicaragua to South America No concern 47 mm Ith-her-fd-144-o3B-184.jpg Ith-her-fd-144-o3B.jpg Ith-her-fv-144-o3B-184.jpg Ith-her-fv-144-o3B.jpg Ith-her-md-n3-o2B-184.jpg Ith-her-md-n3-o2B.jpg Ith-her-mv-144-o3B-184.jpg Ith-her-mv-144-o3B.jpg Ithomia heraldica 57 59 Common Orange tip 0-1500 m Bates No No Much thicker than adjacent black border Opaque bar or spot Present during migration Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Barless tigre One of the most abundant species in the region. Found both in forest and disturbed areas. Black bordered by orange-brown Eggs are laid singly; larvae are solitary; the later instars make a loose nest of leaves tagged together with silk. Solitary Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 28 December 2000. Updated: 8 June 2001. 30-32 mm 32 30 Bright yellow spots or bands Yellow bar No Ithomia Both forest and open Yes Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) No bar or spot Wings broad, translucent orange-brown ground color, forewing rear margin mostly black, black rectangle in forewing discal cell, marginal spots white below, no hindwing discal bar or spot, hindwing very small, especially in male. Acnistus arborescens Cuatresia riparia Witheringia morii Itho_hera-mv-s2133.jpg#Itho-hera-mv-s2133-72.jpg Abundant on Pacific side above 1000 m; uncommon on Atlantic slope; uncommon in the lowlands on both sides. Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Common 0-1500 m n/a Both Hypothyris lycaste Mechanitis polymnia Napeogenes tolosa heraldica Nicaragua to Panama No concern 57-59 mm Ith_pat-fd-bar-o324-184.jpg Ith_pat-fd-bar-o324.jpg Ith_pat-fv-bar-o325-184.jpg Ith_pat-fv-bar-o325.jpg Ith_pat-md-o341.184.jpg Ith-pat-md-ex.jpg Ith_pat-mv-o342-184.jpg Ith_pat-mv-o342.jpg Ithomia patilla 50 54 Common Black tip 0-1500 m Hewitson No No Partly white Thick and triangular Much thicker than adjacent black border Much thinner than neighboring cells No distinct mark Breeds in cloud forest Yellow at base Clear with black veins Black Clearwing Black bordered by orange-brown With some red- or orange-brown Solitary Solitary Rectangular (end broad) Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 9 January 2001. Updated: 6 June 2001. No 25-27 mm 25-26 27 Without a yellow pattern White bar No Ithomia Both forest and open Yes Transparent (clear with black veins) No bar or spot Black postdiscal bar large and extending down vein Cu1, no bar in forewing discal cell, red-brown in dorsal hindwing border, broad triangular border at forewing apex. Uniformly smooth Brachistus stramoniifolius Lycianthes multiflora Witheringia meiantha Witheringia solanacea Witheringia Bajo Ith-pat-mv-6110-168.jpg#Ith-pat-mv-6110-72.jpg Common on Pacific slope above 700 m and down to lowlnads on Atlantic side. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No spots No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Common V-shaped 0-1500 m Yes (Male) Male Ithomia diasa Oleria rubescens Oleria paula Greta oto patilla Mexico to Panama No concern 50-54 mm Ith_pat-fd-bar-o324-184.jpg Ith_pat-fd-bar-o324.jpg Ith_pat-fv-bar-o325-184.jpg Ith_pat-fv-bar-o325.jpg Ith_pat-md-o341.184.jpg Ith-pat-md-ex.jpg Ith_pat-mv-o342-184.jpg Ith_pat-mv-o342.jpg Ithomia patilla 50 54 Common Black tip 0-1500 m Hewitson No No Partly white Thick and triangular Much thicker than adjacent black border Much thinner than neighboring cells Opaque bar or spot Breeds in cloud forest Yellow at base Clear with black veins Black Clearwing Black bordered by orange-brown With some red- or orange-brown Solitary Rectangular (end broad) Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 9 January 2001. Updated: 6 June 2001. Yes 25-27 mm 25-26 27 Without a yellow pattern White bar No Ithomia Both forest and open Yes Transparent (clear with black veins) No bar or spot Black postdiscal bar large and extending down vein Cu1, fw discal cell with or without a bar, red-brown in dhw border, broad triangular border at fw apex. Uniformly smooth Brachistus stramoniifolius Lycianthes multiflora Witheringia meiantha Witheringia solanacea Witheringia Bajo Ith-pat-mv-6110-168.jpg#Ith-pat-mv-6110-72.jpg Common on Pacific slope above 700 m and down to lowlnads on Atlantic side. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Common V-shaped 0-1500 m No (Female) Female Ithomia diasa Oleria rubescens Oleria paula Greta oto patilla Mexico to Panama No concern 50-54 mm Ith-ter-fd-602-2-184.jpg Ith-ter-fd-602-2.jpg Ith-ter-fv-602-1-184.jpg Ith-ter-fv-602-1.jpg Ith_ter-md-o385-184.jpg Ith_ter-md-o385.jpg Ith_ter-mv-o386-184.jpg Ith_ter-mv-o386.jpg Ithomia terra 46 46 Not yet recorded Black tip 0-700 m Haensch No No All black Thick and triangular Much thicker than adjacent black border Same as neighboring cells No distinct mark Not present All brown Clear with black veins Black Clearwing Solid black All black Unknown Rectangular (end broad) Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 9 January 2001. Updated: 8 June 2001. No 23 mm 23 Without a yellow pattern White bar No Ithomia Forest Yes Transparent (clear with black veins) No bar or spot Small, no red-brown in the borders above, veins at end of hindwing discal cell with broad black shading, black postdiscal bar short, forewing vein M2 all black, no yellow at base of ventral hindwing. Uniformly smooth Unknown Not recorded at Monteverde. Known from similar Atlantic slope habitats to the south. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by transparent (clearwings) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No spots No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Not known V-shaped Not present n/a Both Ithomia bolivari Ithomia diasa Oleria paula Hypoleria cassotis terra Costa Rica to South America Endangered 46 mm Ith-xen-fd-670-184.jpg Ith-xen-fd-670.jpg Ith-xen-fv-670-184.jpg Ith-xen-fv-670.jpg Ith-xen-md-669-184.jpg Ith-xen-md-669.jpg Ith-xen-mv-669-184.jpg Ith-xen-mv-669.jpg Ithomia xenos 63 64 Common Orange tip 700-1500 m (Bates) No No About same width as adjacent black border Opaque bar or spot Breeds in cloud forest Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Golden translucent Often lays eggs on bare stems or moss on stems well below the leafy twigs. Solid black Solitary Solitary Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 28 December 2000. Updated: 8 June 2001. 32-33 mm 32 33 Pale translucent yellow areas No distinct light bar Yes Ithomia Forest Yes Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) No bar or spot Bar in forewing discal cell, vfw margin without white spot line, hindwing apex rounded. Acnistus arborescens Cuatresia riparia Witheringia cuneata Ith-xen-mv-s7367-184.jpg#Ith-xen-mv-s7367-72.jpg More common on Pacific side (1000-1500 m); rarely occurring down to 800 m on Atlantic side. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Common 1200-1500 m No (Female) Female Napeogenes cranto Talamancana lonera Dircenna relata Pteronymia fulvescens Pteronymia fulvimargo xenos Costa Rica and Panama No concern 63-64 mm Ith-xen-fd-670-184.jpg Ith-xen-fd-670.jpg Ith-xen-fv-670-184.jpg Ith-xen-fv-670.jpg Ith-xen-md-669-184.jpg Ith-xen-md-669.jpg Ith-xen-mv-669-184.jpg Ith-xen-mv-669.jpg Ithomia xenos 63 64 Common Orange tip 700-1500 m (Bates) No No About same width as adjacent black border Smoky translucent mark Breeds in cloud forest Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Golden translucent Solid black Solitary Smoky translucent bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 28 December 2000. Updated: 8 June 2001. 32-33 mm 32 33 Pale translucent yellow areas No distinct light bar Yes Ithomia Forest Yes Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) No bar or spot Bar in fw discal cell, vfw margin without white spot line, narrow black hw border, hw apex rounded, black rear margin of fw very wide. Acnistus arborescens Cuatresia riparia Witheringia cuneata Ith-xen-mv-s7367-184.jpg#Ith-xen-mv-s7367-72.jpg More common on Pacific side (1000-1500 m); rarely occurring down to 800 m on Atlantic side. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Common 1200-1500 m Yes (Male) Male Napeogenes cranto Talamancana lonera Dircenna relata Pteronymia fulvescens Pteronymia fulvimargo xenos Costa Rica and Panama No concern 63-64 mm Mech-lysi-fd-508-184.jpg Mech-lysi-fd-508.jpg Mech-lysi-fv-508-184.jpg Mech-lysi-fv-508.jpg Mech-lysi-md-507-184.jpg Mech-lysi-md-507.jpg Mech-lysi-mv-507-184.jpg Mech-lysi-mv-507.jpg Mechanitis lysimnia 73 75 Uncommon Orange tip 0-700 m Bates No No About same width as adjacent black border Opaque bar or spot Present during migration Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Tiger Black broken by light colors Aggregated Clustered Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 10 January 2001. Updated: 22 May 2001. 36-41 mm 38-41 36 Bright yellow spots or bands Yellow bar No Mechanitis Both forest and open No Opaque Horizontal bar present Ground color lighter orange-brown than congenors, medial yellow band continuous and broader than in M. menapis, basal half of forewing mostly orange-brown, black comma mark at forewing tornus. Solanum siparunoides Solanum rugosum ?cf.? Lowlands on both slopes; occasionally seen migrating through Monteverde. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Common 0-700 m Yes (Male) Male Mechanitis menapis Mechanitis polymnia Melinaea ethra lysimnia Mexico to South America No concern 73-75 mm Mech-lysi-fd-508-184.jpg Mech-lysi-fd-508.jpg Mech-lysi-fv-508-184.jpg Mech-lysi-fv-508.jpg Mech-lysi-md-507-184.jpg Mech-lysi-md-507.jpg Mech-lysi-mv-507-184.jpg Mech-lysi-mv-507.jpg Mechanitis lysimnia 73 75 Uncommon Orange tip 0-700 m Bates No No About same width as adjacent black border Opaque bar or spot Present during migration Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Barless tigre Black broken by light colors Clustered Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 10 January 2001. Updated: 22 May 2001. 36-41 mm 38-41 36 Bright yellow spots or bands Yellow bar No Mechanitis Both forest and open No Opaque Dark spot present Like male, but hw discal bar reduced or absent. Solanum siparunoides Solanum rugosum ?cf.? Lowlands on both slopes; occasionally seen migrating through Montevrde. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Common 0-700 m No (Female) Female Mechanitis menapis Mechanitis polymnia Melinaea ethra Hypothyris lycaste lysimnia Mexico to South America No concern 73-75 mm Mech-mena-fd-506-184.jpg Mech-mena-fd-506.jpg Mech-mena-fv-506-184.jpg Mech-mena-fv-506.jpg Mech-mena-md-505-184.jpg Mech-mena-md-505.jpg Mech-mena-mv-505-184.jpg Mech-mena-mv-505.jpg Mechanitis menapis 74 86-87 Uncommon Orange tip 700-1500 m Godman & Salvin No No About same width as adjacent black border Opaque bar or spot Breeds in cloud forest Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Tiger Black broken by light colors Aggregated Clustered Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 10 January 2001. Updated: 8 June 2001. 36-41 mm 41 36 Bright yellow spots or bands Yellow bar No Mechanitis Both forest and open No Opaque Horizontal bar present Medial yellow band of forewing continuous but narrow, black markings pronounced above and below, ground color rust brown. Solanum acerifolium Solanum chrysotrichum Solanum quitoense Solanum siparunoides From cloud forest on the Pacific slope down to 700 m on Atlantic side; rare on Pacific side at 1300-1500 m. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Uncommon 700-1500 m n/a Both Mechanitis polymnia Mechanitis lysimnia Melinaea ethra menapis Mexico to South America No concern 70-87 mm Mech-poly-fd-510-184.jpg Mech-poly-fd-510.jpg Mech-poly-fv-510-184.jpg Mech-poly-fv-510.jpg Mech-poly-md-509-184.jpg Mech-poly-md-509.jpg Mech-poly-mv-509-184.jpg Mech-poly-mv-509.jpg Mechanitis polymnia 68 68 Common Orange tip 0-700 m Bates No No About same width as adjacent black border Cell mostly black with light spots at end Present during migration Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Tiger One of the most abundant and widespread species in the country. Black broken by light colors Aggregated Clustered Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 10 January 2001. Updated: 8 June 2001. 34-35 mm 34 35 Bright yellow spots or bands Yellow bar No Mechanitis Both forest and open No Opaque Horizontal bar present Forewing mostly black from coalesced markings, yellow medial band broken into spots, an isolated orange-brown spot in tornus (connected in congeners), hindwing discal bar greatly reduced below. Female like male, but hindwing discal bar reduced or absent. Jaltomata repandidentata Solanum chrysotrichum Solanum jamaicense Solanum lanceifolium Solanum rudepannum Solanum rugosum Solanum siparunoides Mech-poly-fv-8138-168.jpg#Mech-poly-fv-8138-72.jpg Mech-poly-mv-8156-168.jpg#Mech-poly-mv-8156-72.jpg Common in the lowlands on both slopes. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Common 0-700 m Yes (Male) Male Mechanitis lysimnia Tithorea harmonia Melinaea ethra Hypothyris euclea Thyridia psidii polymnia Mexico to South America No concern 68 mm Mech-poly-fd-510-184.jpg Mech-poly-fd-510.jpg Mech-poly-fv-510-184.jpg Mech-poly-fv-510.jpg Mech-poly-md-509-184.jpg Mech-poly-md-509.jpg Mech-poly-mv-509-184.jpg Mech-poly-mv-509.jpg Mechanitis polymnia 68 68 Common Orange tip 0-700 m Bates No No About same width as adjacent black border Cell mostly black with light spots at end Present during migration Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Barless tigre One of the most abundant and widespread species in the country. Black broken by light colors Clustered Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 10 January 2001. Updated: 8 June 2001. 34-35 mm 34 35 Bright yellow spots or bands Yellow bar No Mechanitis Both forest and open No Opaque Dark spot present Female like male, but hw discal bar reduced or absent. Jaltomata procumbens Solanum jamaicense Solanum lanceifolium Solanum rudepannum Solanum rugosum Solanum siparunoides Mech-poly-fv-8138-168.jpg#Mech-poly-fv-8138-72.jpg Mech-poly-mv-8156-168.jpg#Mech-poly-mv-8156-72.jpg Common in the lowlands on both slopes. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Common 0-700 m No (Female) Female Mechanitis lysimnia Tithorea harmonia Melinaea ethra Hypothyris lycaste Thyridia psidii polymnia Mexico to South America No concern 68 mm Mel-eth-fd-600-2-184.jpg Mel-eth-fd-600-2.jpg Mel-eth-fv-600-1-184.jpg Mel-eth-fv-600-1.jpg Meli-ethr-md-530-184.jpg Meli-ethr-md-530.jpg Meli-ethr-mv-530-184.jpg Meli-ethr-mv-530.jpg Melinaea ethra 86 85 Uncommon Orange tip 0-1200 m Bates No No Much thicker than adjacent black border Opaque bar or spot Present during migration Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Tiger Black broken by light colors Solitary Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 13 January 2001. Updated: 8 June 2001. 44 mm 44 Bright yellow spots or bands Yellow bar No Melinaea Forest Yes Opaque Horizontal bar present Large, forewing medial and subapical bands broken, paired white marginal spots below, strong hindwing discal bar, forewing rear margin all black. Juanulloa mexicana Merinthopodium neuranthum Above 600 m on Pacific slope; more common on Atlantic slope below 700 m. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 2 spots per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Common 0-1200 m n/a Both Mechanitis menapis Mechanitis lysimnia Melinaea scylax Tithorea harmonia Hypothyris euclea ethra Mexico to South America No concern 85-86 mm Mel-scy-fd-601-2-184.jpg Mel-scy-fd-601-2.jpg Mel-scy-fv-601-1-184.jpg Mel-scy-fv-601-1.jpg Meli-scyl-md-531-184.jpg Meli-scyl-md-531.jpg Meli-scyl-mv-531-184.jpg Meli-scyl-mv-531.jpg Melinaea scylax 82 74-80 Rare Orange tip 0-700 m Salvin No No Much thicker than adjacent black border Opaque bar or spot Not present Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Barless tigre Black broken by light colors Solitary Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 13 January 2001. Updated: 5 June 2001. 43 mm 43 Pale translucent yellow areas Yellow bar No Melinaea Forest No Opaque No bar or spot Large, forewing medial band continuous, no hindwing discal bar, no white marginal spots below, forewing rear margin black only at end, yellow spot in forewing tornus. Juanulloa mexicana Merinthopodium neuranthum ?(apparently in Uncommon in forest fragments on lower Pacific slope; recorded once in Peñas Blancas valley at 400 m. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No spots No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Rare or none 0-1200 m n/a Both Mechanitis lysimnia Mechanitispolymnia Tithorea harmonia Hypothyris lycaste scylax Costa Rica to South America Special concern 74-82 mm Nap-cra-fd-614-184.jpg Nap-cra-fd-614.jpg Nap-cra-fv-614-184.jpg Nap-cra-fv-614.jpg Nap-cra-md-613-184.jpg Nap-cra-md-613.jpg Nap-cra-mv-613-184.jpg Nap-cra-mv-613.jpg Napeogenes cranto 67 66 Uncommon Orange tip 700-1200 m Godman & Salvin Translucent smoky gray No About same width as adjacent black border Smoky translucent mark Present during migration Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Golden translucent Common in light gaps in forest at Refugio Eladio. Solid black Unknown Unknown Smoky translucent bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 3 April 2001. Updated: 8 June 2001. 33 mm 33 33 Pale translucent yellow areas No distinct light bar Yes Napeogenes Forest Yes Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) No bar or spot Forewing discal cell with only a faint smudge, ventral forewing margin with white spot line, wide black hindwing border, hindwing apex pointed. Unknown Atlantic slope at 700-900 m (Refugio Eladio, Poco Sol); Pacific slope in the Río San Luis valley (1000 m). No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Uncommon Common in light gaps in forest at Refugio Eladio. 700-1200 m Yes (Male) Male Ithomia xenos Dircenna relata Talamancana lonera Pteronymia fulvescens cranto Costa Rica to South America Special concern 66-67mm Nap-cra-fd-614-184.jpg Nap-cra-fd-614.jpg Nap-cra-fv-614-184.jpg Nap-cra-fv-614.jpg Nap-cra-md-613-184.jpg Nap-cra-md-613.jpg Nap-cra-mv-613-184.jpg Nap-cra-mv-613.jpg Napeogenes cranto 67 66 Uncommon Orange tip 700-1200 m Godman & Salvin n/a No About same width as adjacent black border Smoky translucent mark Present during migration Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Golden translucent Common in light gaps in forest at Refugio Eladio. Solid black Unknown Unknown Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 3 April 2001. Updated: 8 June 2001. 33 mm 33 33 Pale translucent yellow areas No distinct light bar Yes Napeogenes Forest Yes Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) No bar or spot Similar to male, but black margin of hw very narrow, more orange on hw discal area and smoky areas darker. Unknown Atlantic slope at 700-900 m (Refugio Eladio, Poco Sol); Pacific slope in the Río San Luis valley (1000 m). No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Uncommon Common in open understory at Eladio?s, flying at 1-5 m. 700-1200 m No (Female) Female Ithomia xenos Dircenna relata Talamancana lonera Pteronymia fulvescens cranto Costa Rica to South America Special concern 66-67mm Nape-pere-fd-527-184.jpg Nape-pere-fd-527.jpg Nape-pere-fv-527-184.jpg Nape-pere-fv-527.jpg Nape-pere-md-511-184.jpg Nape-pere-md-511.jpg Nape-pere-mv-512-184.jpg Nape-pere-mv-512.jpg Napeogenes peredia 54 56 Rare Orange tip 0-700 m Schaus n/a Yes About same width as adjacent black border Cell mostly black with light spots at end Not present Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Spotted orange and black Eresia sticta and Eresia poecilina, thought to be Batesian mimics, are very similar in appearance . Solid black Unknown Unknown Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 12 January 2001. Updated: 12 June 2001. 27-30 mm 29-30 27 Bright yellow spots or bands No distinct light bar No Napeogenes Forest No Opaque No bar or spot Small, many small yellow spots on forewing, two rows of yellow spots on hindwing, antennae yellow-tipped. Unknown Atlantic slope at 400-900 m. Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by orange-brown Yes (4 or more spots along margin) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Rare or none Usually flying at 2-5 m above ground. Not present n/a Both Callithomia hezia Napeogenes tolosa Hyposcada virginiana peredia Costa Rica to South America Special concern 54-56 mm Nape-tolo-fd-524-184.jpg Nape-tolo-fd-524.jpg Nape-tolo-fv-524-184.jpg Nape-tolo-fv-524.jpg Nape-tolo-md-505-184.jpg Nape-tolo-md-505.jpg Nape-tolo-mv-515-184.jpg Nape-tolo-mv-515.jpg Napeogenes tolosa 54 55 Uncommon Black tip 0-1500 m Godman No No Much thicker than adjacent black border Cell mostly black with light spots at end Present during migration Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Spotted orange and black Found in both mature forest and secondary areas. Solid black Solitary Solitary Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 12 January 2001. Updated: 6 June 2001. 27-28 mm 27-28 27 Bright yellow spots or bands Yellow bar No Napeogenes Both forest and open No Opaque No bar or spot Small, antennae black, marginal white spots on forewing and hindwing, few large spots on forewing. Lycianthes multiflora Widespread on both slopes, but not reaching the lowland dry forest on the Pacific side, and not resident in the cloud forest. Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by orange-brown Yes (4 or more spots along margin) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Common Found in both mature forest and secondary areas. 700-1500 m n/a Both Napeogenes peredia Mechanitis polymnia Hypothyris lycaste tolosa Mexico to South America No concern 54-55 mm Ole-pau-fd-357-184.jpg Ole-pau-fd-357.jpg Ole-pau-fv-357-184.jpg Ole-pau-fv-357.jpg Ole-pau-md-5505-184.jpg Ole-pau-md-5505.jpg Ole-pau-mv-5506-184.jpg Ole-pau-mv-5506.jpg Oleria paula 46 Uncommon Black tip 0-1500 m (Weymer) No No Partly white Thick and triangular Much thicker than adjacent black border Much thinner than neighboring cells No distinct mark Present during migration All brown Clear with black veins Black Clearwing Black bordered by orange-brown With some red- or orange-brown Solitary Solitary Rectangular (end broad) Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 3 April 2001. Updated: 6 June 2001. No 23 mm 23 Without a yellow pattern White bar No Oleria Both forest and open Yes Transparent (clear with black veins) No bar or spot Black forewing apex broad with straight inner edge, white forewing bar covers M2 and M3, forewing discal bar absent or rarely visible as a weak smudge. Uniformly smooth Lycianthes multiflora Common on Atlantic side up to 800 m; uncommon on Pacific side from 700-1500 m. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Red-brown with black edging (clearwings) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No spots No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Uncommon Convex 700-1500 m n/a Both Ithomia patilla Greta oto Pteronymia parva Pteronymia cotytto paula Mexico to Panama No concern 46 mm Ole-rub-fd-5509-184.jpg Ole-rub-fd-5509.jpg Ole-rub-fv-5511-184.jpg Ole-rub-fv-5511.jpg Ole-rub-md-642-184.jpg Ole-rub-md-642.jpg Ole-rub-mv-642-184.jpg Ole-rub-mv-642.jpg Oleria rubescens 50 49 Uncommon Black tip 700-1500 m (Butler & Druce) No No All black Thick and triangular Much thicker than adjacent black border Much thinner than neighboring cells Opaque bar or spot Present during migration All brown Clear with black veins Black Clearwing Black bordered by orange-brown With some red- or orange-brown Solitary Solitary Rectangular (end broad) Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 3 April 2001. Updated: 6 June 2001. Yes 23-25 mm 23 25 Without a yellow pattern White bar No Oleria Forest Yes Transparent (clear with black veins) No bar or spot Strong forewing discal bar, black forewing apex narrow with curved inner edge, postdiscal bar rectangular, veins M2 and M3 black. Uniformly smooth Solanum siparunoides Oler-rube-fv-s5057-184.jpg#Oler-rube-fv-s5057-72.jpg Common on Atlantic side at 700-1200 m; rare on Pacific side above 1200 m. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Red-brown with black edging (clearwings) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No spots No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Uncommon Convex 1200-1500 m n/a Both Oleria vicina Ithomia diasa Ithomia patilla Greta nero rubescens Mexico to Panama No concern 49-50 mm Ole-vic-fd-606-1-184.jpg Ole-vic-fd-606-1.jpg Ole-vic-fv-606-1-184.jpg Ole-vic-fv-606-1.jpg Ole-vic-md-643-184.jpg Ole-vic-md-643.jpg Ole-vic-mv-643-184.jpg Ole-vic-mv-643.jpg Oleria vicina 49 Common Black tip 1200-1500 m (Salvin) No No All black Narrow About same width as adjacent black border Much thinner than neighboring cells Opaque bar or spot Breeds in cloud forest All brown Clear with black veins Black Clearwing Black bordered by orange-brown With some red- or orange-brown Solitary Solitary Triangular (end pointed) Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 3 April 2001. Updated: 6 June 2001. Yes 26 mm 26 Without a yellow pattern No distinct light bar No Oleria Forest Yes Transparent (clear with black veins) No bar or spot Forewing discal bar strong, black apex incised with two white spots, postdiscal bar triangular, white subapical bar poorly developed, veins M2 and M3 black, dorsal borders red brown. With tooth-like projections Lycianthes multiflora Lycianthes synanthera Solanum trizygum Common in cloud forest, uncommon on both slopes below 1200 m. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Red-brown with black edging (clearwings) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No spots No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Uncommon Convex 1200-1500 m n/a Both Oleria rubescens Greta nero Greta anette Ithomia patilla Ithomia diasa vicina Costa Rica and Panama No concern 49-54 mm Ole-zel-fd-645-184.jpg Ole-zel-fd-645.jpg Ole-zel-fv-645-184.jpg Ole-zel-fv-645.jpg Ole-zel-md-644-184.jpg Ole-zel-md-644.jpg Ole-zel-mv-644-184.jpg Ole-zel-mv-644.jpg Oleria zelica 52 55 Uncommon Black tip 700-1200 m (Druce) Yes No About same width as adjacent black border Opaque bar or spot Not present Lemon yellow bordered by black Black Yellow and black Low flying in light areas in forest understory. Solid black Unknown Unknown Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 3 April 2001. Updated: 6 June 2001. Opaque bar or spot 27 mm 27 27 Pale translucent yellow areas Yellow bar No Oleria Forest Yes Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) No bar or spot Translucent yellow bars, black antennae, large white spots at forewing apex. Unknown Occurring at 500-900 m on Atlantic slope; common at Refugio Eladio, uncommon at Poco Sol. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by yellow No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Rare or none Low flying in light areas in forest understory. Not present n/a Both Aeria eurimedea Scada zibia Godyris zavaleta Napeogenes cranto zelica Costa Rica to South America No concern 52-55 mm Olyr-crat-fd-532-184.jpg Olyr-crat-fd-532.jpg Olyr-crat-fv-532-184.jpg Olyr-crat-fv-532.jpg Olyr-crat-md-5513-184.jpg Olyr-crat-md-5513.jpg Olyr-crat-mv-5514-184.jpg Olyr-crat-mv-5514.jpg Olyras crathis 81-93 Rare Orange tip 1200-1500 m Godman & Salvin No Yes Much thicker than adjacent black border Cell mostly black with light spots at end Not present Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Spotted orange and black Black broken by light colors Unknown Unknown Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 13 January 2001. Updated: 6 June 2001. 43-46 mm 43-46 Pale translucent yellow areas No distinct light bar No Olyras Forest Yes Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) No bar or spot Large, hindwing disc translucent, marginal white spots paired on ventral forewing and ventral hindwing, no white spots on dorsal hindwing (see H. excelsa). Unknown Upper Pacific slope at 1300-1500 m; recorded once at San Gerardo (1100 m). No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 2 spots per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Not known 1200-1500 m n/a Both Hyalyris excelsa Mechanitis polymnia Thyridia psidii crathis Costa Rica to South America Special concern 81-93 mm Oly-ins-fd-5517-184.jpg Oly-ins-fd-5517.jpg Oly-ins-fv-5519-184.jpg Oly-ins-fv-5519.jpg Oly-ins-md-362-184.jpg Oly-ins-md-362.jpg Oly-ins-mv-362-184.jpg Oly-ins-mv-362.jpg Olyras insignis 89 Uncommon Orange tip 700-1200 m Salvin Yes No About same width as adjacent black border Opaque bar or spot Not present Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Yellow and black Isidro Chacón (pers. comm.) observed oviposition and reared the early stages. Common in large light gaps in primary forest at Refugio Eladio. Black broken by light colors Solitary Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 3 April 2001. Updated: 6 June 2001. 45 mm 45 Pale translucent yellow areas No distinct light bar Yes Olyras Forest Yes Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) No bar or spot Large, forewing and hindwing discs transparent lemon yellow, black markings mostly opaque, ventral forewing and ventral hindwing with paired marginal spots. Schultesianthus megalandrus Atlantic slope at 600-1000 m. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 2 spots per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Rare or none Common seen in large light gaps in primary forest at Refugio Eladio. Not present n/a Both Eutresis dilucida Godyris zavaleta Olyras crathis insignis Costa Rica to South America Special concern 89 mm Pse-uti-fd-652-184.jpg Pse-uti-fd-652.jpg Pse-uti-fv-652-184.jpg Pse-uti-fv-652.jpg Pse-uti-md-651-184.jpg Pse-uti-md-651.jpg Pse-uti-mv-651-184.jpg Pse-uti-mv-651.jpg Pseudoscada utilla 43 45 Uncommon Black tip 0-1200 m (Godman & Salvin) No No Partly white Narrow About same width as adjacent black border Same as neighboring cells No distinct mark Not present All brown Clear with black veins Black Clearwing Solid black All black Unknown Unknown Triangular (end pointed) Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 3 April 2001. Updated: 12 June 2001. No 22 mm 22 22 Without a yellow pattern White bar No Pseudoscada Forest Yes Transparent (clear with black veins) No bar or spot Small, black postdiscal bar pointed, hindwing border with smooth inner edge, dorsal forewing borders entirely black, inner edge of forewing apical border with a bump, thoracic markings white (compare with P. parva). Uniformly smooth Unknown Pse-uti-mv-8091-168.jpg#Pse-uti-mv-8091-72.jpg Atlantic lowlands to 1100 m; common at Refugio Eladio. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by transparent (clearwings) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No spots No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Rare or none Convex Not present n/a Both Hypoleria cassotis Pteronymia parva Pteronymia tigranes Greta polissena utilla Nicaragua to South America No concern 43-45 mm Pte-aga-fd-666-184.jpg Pte-aga-fd-666.jpg Pte-aga-fv-666-184.jpg Pte-aga-fv-666.jpg Pte-aga-md-627-184.jpg Pte-aga-md-627.jpg Pte-aga-mv-627-184.jpg Pte-aga-mv-627.jpg Pteronymia agalla 45 46 Rare Black tip 0-700 m Godman & Salvin No No About same width as adjacent black border No distinct mark Not present Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Barless tigre Black bordered by orange-brown Solitary Solitary Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 3 April 2001. Updated: 6 June 2001. 23-24 mm 23 24 Pale translucent yellow areas Yellow bar Yes Pteronymia Forest No Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) No bar or spot Small, prominent cream-yellow forewing band, ventral forewing apex with well-developed white spots; most similar to Pteronymia donata. Solanum rovirosanum Uncommon in Atlantic lowlands up to 500 m; recorded once on Pacific side (Guacimal valley) at 700 m. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Rare or none 0-700 m n/a Both Pteronymia notilla Pteronymia fulvescens Pteronymia fulvimargo Ceratinia tutia agalla Costa Rica and Panama Special concern 45-46 mm Pte-art-fd-647-184.jpg Pte-art-fd-647.jpg Pte-art-fv-647-184.jpg Pte-art-fv-647.jpg Pte-art-md-646-184.jpg Pte-art-md-646.jpg Pte-art-mv-646-184.jpg Pte-art-mv-646.jpg Pteronymia artena 59 56 Common Black tip 1200-1500 m (Hewitson) No No All black Narrow About same width as adjacent black border Same as neighboring cells No distinct mark Breeds in cloud forest Silver-white at base Clear with black veins Orange-brown Clearwing Black bordered by orange-brown All black Solitary Solitary Rectangular (end broad) Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 10 April 2001. Updated: Updated: 12 June 2001. No 31 mm 31 31 Without a yellow pattern No distinct light bar No Pteronymia Both forest and open Yes Transparent (clear with black veins) No bar or spot Costa of dorsal forewing with red-brown, postdiscal bar medium wide, large for a clearwing, fringe of hindwing orange. Uniformly smooth Lycianthes escuintlensis Lycianthes multiflora Lycianthes synanthera Pter-arte-mv-s1850-184.jpg#Pter-arte-mv-s1850-72.jpg Common on upper Pacific slope; uncommon on upper Atlantic slope at 1100-1500 m (San Gerardo). No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by transparent (clearwings) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No spots No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Common V-shaped 700-1500 m Yes (Male) Male Pteronymia simplex Pteronymia tigranes Episcada salvinia Greta polissena artena Mexico to South America No concern 56-59 mm Pte-art-fd-647-184.jpg Pte-art-fd-647.jpg Pte-art-fv-647-184.jpg Pte-art-fv-647.jpg Pte-art-md-646-184.jpg Pte-art-md-646.jpg Pte-art-mv-646-184.jpg Pte-art-mv-646.jpg Pteronymia artena 59 56 Common Black tip 1200-1500 m (Hewitson) No No Partly white Narrow About same width as adjacent black border Same as neighboring cells No distinct mark Breeds in cloud forest Silver-white at base Clear with black veins Orange-brown Clearwing Black bordered by orange-brown All black Solitary Solitary Rectangular (end broad) Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 10 April 2001. Updated: Updated: 12 June 2001. No 31 mm 31 31 Without a yellow pattern White bar No Pteronymia Both forest and open Yes Transparent (clear with black veins) No bar or spot Costa of dorsal forewing with red-brown, hindwing fringe scales orange, postdiscal bar wide, M2 partly white, one of the largest clearwings. Uniformly smooth Lycianthes escuintlensis Lycianthes multiflora Lycianthes synanthera Pter-arte-mv-s1850-184.jpg#Pter-arte-mv-s1850-72.jpg Common on upper Pacific slope; uncommon on upper Atlantic slope at 1100-1500 m (San Gerardo). No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by transparent (clearwings) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No spots No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Common V-shaped 700-1500 m No (Female) Female Pteronymia simplex Pteronymia tigranes Episcada salvinia Greta polissena artena Mexico to South America No concern 56-59 mm Pte-cot-fd-665-184.jpg Pte-cot-fd-665.jpg Pte-cot-fv-665-184.jpg Pte-cot-fv-665.jpg Pte-cot-md-641-184.jpg Pte-cot-md-641.jpg Pte-cot-mv-641-184.jpg Pte-cot-mv-641.jpg Pteronymia cotytto 43 46 Rare Black tip Not present (Guérin) No No Partly white Thick and triangular Much thicker than adjacent black border Same as neighboring cells No distinct mark Not present All brown Clear with black veins Black Clearwing Recorded once at Monteverde (San Luis valley at 1100 m), once near Turrialba (700 m), and once near Cañas (100 m). I reared this species on Solanum nudum in Catemaco, Mexico in 1973. Black bordered by orange-brown All black Solitary Solitary Rectangular (end broad) Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 10 April 2001. Updated: Updated: 12 June 2001. No 22-23 mm 23 22 Without a yellow pattern White bar No Pteronymia Both forest and open Yes Transparent (clear with black veins) No bar or spot Small, pattern like Greta oto, forewing apical border thick and triangular, hindwing border with smooth inner edge (toothed in G. oto). Uniformly smooth Solanum nudum Pacific slope at 1100 m. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by transparent (clearwings) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No spots No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Not known V-shaped 700-1200 m n/a Both Greta oto Oleria paula Ithomia patilla cotytto Mexico to Panama Endangered 43-46 mm Pte-don-fd-5476-184.jpg Pte-don-fd-5476.jpg Pte-don-fv-5478-184.jpg Pte-don-fv-5478.jpg Pte-don-md-5472-184.jpg Pte-don-md-5472.jpg Pte-don-mv-5474-184.jpg Pte-don-mv-5474.jpg Pteronymia donata Rare Haensch A similar habitat to that where P. donata is found in the Central Valley also occurs in the rain shadow west of Monteverde. Unknown Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 10 April 2001. Updayed: 12 June 2001. 26-28 mm Forewing with rear margin mostly orange, post discal band of forewing cream yellow, no bar or spot in forewing discal cell. Unknown In Costa Rica known from the El Rodeo reserve west of San José at about 800 m elevation. Both Pteronymia agalla Pteronymia fulvescens Ceratinia tutia Costa Rica and Panama 50-54 mm Pte-ves-fd-622-184.jpg Pte-ves-fd-622.jpg Pte-ves-fv-622-184.jpg Pte-ves-fv-622.jpg Pte-ves-md-621-184.jpg Pte-ves-md-621.jpg Pte-ves-mv-621-184.jpg Pte-ves-mv-621.jpg Pteronymia fulvescens 55 59 Common Orange tip 700-1500 m Godman & Salvin n/a No About same width as adjacent black border No distinct mark Present during migration Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Golden translucent One of the most abundant species around the Monteverde community. Black bordered by orange-brown Aggregated Clustered Smoky translucent bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 3 April 2001. Updated: 12 June 2001. 27-30 mm 27-30 28 Pale translucent yellow areas No distinct light bar Yes Pteronymia Both forest and open No Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) No bar or spot Antennae yellow-tipped, orange-brown in forewing costal margin, ventral hindwing border with single spots, hind margin of dorsal forewing with orange, hindwing disc shaded orange. Solanum brenesii Solanum tuerckheimii Pter-fulv-fv-s4449-1350-168.jpg#Pter-fulv-fv-s4449-72.jpg Pter-fulves-mv-144-o4-168.jpg#Pter-fulves-mv-o4-72.jpg Common on Pacific side at 1100-1400 m, uncommon down to 700 m; rare on Atlantic side. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Common 700-1500 m Yes (Male) Male Pteronymia fulvimargo Pteronymia notilla Napeogenes cranto Ithomia xenos fulvescens Costa Rica and Panama No concern 55-59 mm Pte-ves-fd-622-184.jpg Pte-ves-fd-622.jpg Pte-ves-fv-622-184.jpg Pte-ves-fv-622.jpg Pte-ves-md-621-184.jpg Pte-ves-md-621.jpg Pte-ves-mv-621-184.jpg Pte-ves-mv-621.jpg Pteronymia fulvescens 55 59 Common Orange tip Not present Godman & Salvin n/a No About same width as adjacent black border Smoky translucent mark Present during migration Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Golden translucent One of the most abundant species around the Monteverde community. Black bordered by orange-brown Aggregated Clustered Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 3 April 2001. Updated: 12 June 2001. 27-30 mm 27-30 28 Pale translucent yellow areas No distinct light bar Yes Pteronymia Both forest and open No Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) No bar or spot Like male, but pattern much denser. Solanum brenesii Solanum tuerckheimii Pter-fulv-fv-s4449-1350-168.jpg#Pter-fulv-fv-s4449-72.jpg Pter-fulves-mv-144-o4-168.jpg#Pter-fulves-mv-o4-72.jpg Common on Pacific side at 1100-1400 m, uncommon down to 700 m; rare on Atlantic side. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Common 700-1500 m No (Female) Female Pteronymia fulvimargo Pteronymia notilla Napeogenes cranto Ithomia xenos fulvescens Costa Rica and Panama No concern 55-59 mm Pte-vim-fd-618-184.jpg Pte-vim-fd-618.jpg Pte-vim-fv-618-184.jpg Pte-vim-fv-618.jpg Pte-vim-md-617-184.jpg Pte-vim-md-617.jpg Pte-vim-mv-617-184.jpg Pte-vim-mv-617.jpg Pteronymia fulvimargo 55 58 Uncommon Black tip Butler & Druce n/a No About same width as adjacent black border No distinct mark Present during migration Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Golden translucent A single cluster of eggs found on Lycianthes synanthera seems likely to be this species based on the appearence of the larvae; however, none of them reached the adult stage. Black bordered by orange-brown Aggregated? Clustered? Smoky translucent bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 3 April 2001. Updated: 12 June 2001. 27-29 mm 27-29 28 Pale translucent yellow areas No distinct light bar Yes Pteronymia Both forest and open No Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) No bar or spot Antennae black, forewing costa with orange-brown, ventral forewing border without white spot line, pattern more orange than P. notilla. Lycianthes synanthera ??? Pter-fulvi-fv-o1-168.jpg#Pter-fulvi-fv-o1-72.jpg Pacific slope at 1400-1600 m; not recorded on Atlantic side. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Uncommon 1200-1500 m Yes (Male) Male Pteronymia fulvescens Pteronymia notilla Napeogenes cranto Ithomia xenos fulvimargo Costa Rica and Panama No concern 55-58 mm Pte-vim-fd-618-184.jpg Pte-vim-fd-618.jpg Pte-vim-fv-618-184.jpg Pte-vim-fv-618.jpg Pte-vim-md-617-184.jpg Pte-vim-md-617.jpg Pte-vim-mv-617-184.jpg Pte-vim-mv-617.jpg Pteronymia fulvimargo 55 58 Uncommon Black tip Butler & Druce n/a No About same width as adjacent black border No distinct mark Present during migration Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Golden translucent A single cluster of eggs found on Lycianthes synanthera seems likely to be this species based on the appearence of the larvae; however, none of them reached the adult stage. Black bordered by orange-brown Aggregated? Clustered? Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 3 April 2001. Updated: 12 June 2001. 27-29 mm 27-29 28 Pale translucent yellow areas No distinct light bar Yes Pteronymia Both forest and open No Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) No bar or spot Dark markings denser and thicker than male, orange on hindwing wider than male. Lycianthes synanthera ??? Pter-fulvi-fv-o1-168.jpg#Pter-fulvi-fv-o1-72.jpg Uncommon on Pacific slope at 1400-1600 m; not recorded on Atlantic side. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Uncommon 1200-1500 m No (Female) Female Pteronymia fulvescens Pteronymia notilla Napeogenes cranto Ithomia xenos fulvimargo Costa Rica and Panama No concern 55-58 mm Pte-fum-fd-624-184.jpg Pte-fum-fd-624.jpg Pte-fum-fv-624-184.jpg Pte-fum-fv-624.jpg Pte-fum-md-623-184.jpg Pte-fum-md-623.jpg Pte-fum-mv-623-184.jpg Pte-fum-mv-623.jpg Pteronymia fumida 53 54 Not yet recorded Orange tip 700-1200 m Schaus None No About same width as adjacent black border No distinct mark Not present Lemon yellow bordered by black Black Yellow and black Known only from the Atlantic slope near Siquirres. Solid black Unknown Unknown Smoky translucent bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 3 April 2001. Updated: 12 June 2001. 27 mm 27 27 Pale translucent yellow areas No distinct light bar Yes Pteronymia Forest Yes Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) No bar or spot Antennae yellow-tipped, forewing costal margin all black, ventral hindwing cells with paired spots, hind margin of dorsal forewing all black, hindwing disc shaded yellow. Unknown Extremely rare country-wide and not recorded at Monteverde. Potentially present in the Peñas Blancas valley at 700-900 m. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by yellow No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 2 spots per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Not known Not present Yes (Male) Male Godyris zavaleta Pteronymia fulvimargo Pteronymia fulvescens Pteronymia notilla fumida Costa Rica to South America Endangered 53-54 mm Pte-fum-fd-624-184.jpg Pte-fum-fd-624.jpg Pte-fum-fv-624-184.jpg Pte-fum-fv-624.jpg Pte-fum-md-623-184.jpg Pte-fum-md-623.jpg Pte-fum-mv-623-184.jpg Pte-fum-mv-623.jpg Pteronymia fumida 53 54 Not yet recorded Orange tip Schaus No No About same width as adjacent black border Smoky translucent mark Not present Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Golden translucent Known only from the Atlantic slope near Siquirres. Solid black Unknown Smoky translucent bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 3 April 2001. Updated: 12 June 2001. 27 mm 27 27 Pale translucent yellow areas No distinct light bar Yes Pteronymia Forest Yes Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) No bar or spot Like male, but hindwing disc translucent orange instead of yellow and smoky pattern denser. Unknown Extremely rare country-wide and not recorded at Monteverde. Potentially present in the Peñas Blancas valley at 700-900 m. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 2 spots per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Not known No (Female) Female Godyris zavaleta Pteronymia fulvimargo Pteronymia fulvescens Pteronymia notilla fumida Costa Rica to South America 53-54 mm Pte-not-fd-620-184.jpg Pte-not-fd-620.jpg Pte-not-fv-620-184.jpg Pte-not-fv-620.jpg Pte-not-md-619-184.jpg Pte-not-md-619.jpg Pte-not-mv-619-184.jpg Pte-not-mv-619.jpg Pteronymia notilla 48 50 Uncommon Black tip 700-1500 m Butler & Druce n/a No About same width as adjacent black border No distinct mark Present during migration Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Golden translucent Solid black Solitary Solitary Smoky translucent bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 3 April 2001. Updated: 12 June 2001. 25 mm 25 25 Pale translucent yellow areas No distinct light bar Yes Pteronymia Forest Yes Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) No bar or spot Antennae black, forewing costa all black, ventral forewing border with white spot line, markings blacker than fulvimargo. Solanum tuerckheimii Pter-not-fv-s7381-168.jpg#Pter-not-fv-s7381-72.jpg Pter-noti-mv-s4466-168.jpg#Pter-noti-mv-s4466-72.jpg Most common on Pacific slope at 1300-1500 m; occasional on Atlantic slope from 700-1200 m (rarely down to 250 m). No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Common 1200-1500 m Yes (Male) Male Pteronymia fulvescens Pteronymia fulvimargo Ithomia xenos notilla Costa Rica to South America No concern 48-50 mm Pte-not-fd-620-184.jpg Pte-not-fd-620.jpg Pte-not-fv-620-184.jpg Pte-not-fv-620.jpg Pte-not-md-619-184.jpg Pte-not-md-619.jpg Pte-not-mv-619-184.jpg Pte-not-mv-619.jpg Pteronymia notilla 48 50 Uncommon Black tip 700-1500 m Butler & Druce n/a No About same width as adjacent black border Smoky translucent mark Present during migration Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Spotted orange and black Solid black Solitary Solitary Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 3 April 2001. Updated: 12 June 2001. 25 mm 25 25 Pale translucent yellow areas Yellow bar Yes Pteronymia Forest Yes Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) No bar or spot Small, antennae black, forewing pattern of smoky shadows- not black, hindwing disc translucent orange-brown, dorsal hindwing without marginal spots. Solanum tuerckheimii Pter-not-fv-s7381-168.jpg#Pter-not-fv-s7381-72.jpg Pter-noti-mv-s4466-168.jpg#Pter-noti-mv-s4466-72.jpg Most common on upper Pacific slope at 1300-1500 m; occasional on Atlantic slope from 700-1200 m (rarely down to 250 m). No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Common 1200-1500 m No (Female) Female Godyris zavaleta ?female?|Napeogenes tolosa notilla Costa Rica to South America No concern 48-50 mm Pte-par-fd-650-184.jpg Pte-par-fd-650.jpg Pte-par-fv-654-184.jpg Pte-par-fv-654.jpg Pte-par-md-649-184.jpg Pte-par-md-649.jpg Pte-par-mv-649-184.jpg Pte-par-mv-649.jpg Pteronymia parva 41 42 Rare Black tip 0-1200 m (Salvin) n/a No Partly white Thick and triangular Much thicker than adjacent black border Same as neighboring cells No distinct mark Not present All brown Clear with black veins Black Clearwing Solid black All black Solitary Solitary Rectangular (end broad) Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 10 April 2001. Updated: 12 June 2001. No 21 mm 21 21 Without a yellow pattern White bar No Pteronymia Forest Yes Transparent (clear with black veins) No bar or spot Small, forewing apical border thick with smoothly curving inner edge, postdiscal bar broad with end forked, thoracic markings yellow. Uniformly smooth Solanum arboreum Atlantic lowlands up to 1200 m (Poco Sol, Refugio Eladio, San Gerardo). No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by transparent (clearwings) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No spots No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Altitudinal migrant on Atlantic slope? V-shaped Not present n/a Both Pseudoscada utilla Oleria paula Hypoleria cassotis parva Costa Rica and Panama Special concern 41-42 mm Pte-sim-fd-648-184.jpg Pte-sim-fd-648.jpg Pte-sim-fv-648-184.jpg Pte-sim-fv-648.jpg Pte-sim-md-656-184.jpg Pte-sim-md-656.jpg Pte-sim-mv-656-184.jpg Pte-sim-mv-656.jpg Pteronymia simplex 50 54-56 Common Black tip 1200-1500 m (Salvin) No No All black Narrow About same width as adjacent black border Same as neighboring cells No distinct mark Breeds in cloud forest Silver-white at base Clear with black veins Orange-brown Clearwing Black bordered by orange-brown All black Solitary Solitary Thin, barely wider than veins Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 10 April 2001. Updated: 12 June 2001. No 25-28 mm 26-28 25 Without a yellow pattern No distinct light bar No Pteronymia Both forest and open Yes Transparent (clear with black veins) No bar or spot Black postdiscal bar very narrow, white forewing spots and medial bar highly reduced, border of dorsal hindwing usually black, hindwing fringe scales orange. Uniformly smooth Solanum aphyodendron Solanum brenesii Solanum pastillum Solanum pertenue Solanum ramonense Solanum rovirosanum Solanum tuerckheimii From 1200-1600 m on both slopes, but more common on Pacific side. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by transparent (clearwings) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No spots No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Common V-shaped 1200-1500 m Yes (Male) Male Episcada salvinia Pteronymia artena Greta polissena simplex Mexico to Panama Special concern 50-56 mm Pte-sim-fd-648-184.jpg Pte-sim-fd-648.jpg Pte-sim-fv-648-184.jpg Pte-sim-fv-648.jpg Pte-sim-md-656-184.jpg Pte-sim-md-656.jpg Pte-sim-mv-656-184.jpg Pte-sim-mv-656.jpg Pteronymia simplex 50 54-56 Common Black tip 1200-1500 m (Salvin) No No All black Narrow About same width as adjacent black border Same as neighboring cells No distinct mark Breeds in cloud forest Silver-white at base Clear with black veins Orange-brown Clearwing Black bordered by orange-brown All black Solitary Solitary Rectangular (end broad) Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 10 April 2001. Updated: 12 June 2001. No 25-28 mm 26-28 25 Without a yellow pattern White bar No Pteronymia Both forest and open Yes Transparent (clear with black veins) No bar or spot Black postdiscal bar with forked end, border of dorsal hindwing usually black, hindwing fringe scales orange. Uniformly smooth Solanum aphyodendron Solanum brenesii Solanum pastillum Solanum pertenue Solanum ramonense Solanum rovirosanum Solanum tuerckheimii From 1200-1600 m on both slopes, but more common on Pacific side. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by transparent (clearwings) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No spots No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Common V-shaped 1200-1500 m No (Female) Female Episcada salvinia Pteronymia artena Greta polissena simplex Mexico to Panama Special concern 50-56 mm Pte-tig-fd-664-184.jpg Pte-tig-fd-664.jpg Pte-tig-fv-664-184.jpg Pte-tig-fv-664.jpg Pte-tig-md-640-184.jpg Pte-tig-md-640.jpg Pte-tig-mv-640-184.jpg Pte-tig-mv-640.jpg Pteronymia tigranes 52 50 Uncommon Black tip 700-1200 m (Godman & Salvin) No No All black Narrow About same width as adjacent black border Same as neighboring cells No distinct mark Present during migration All brown Clear with black veins Black Clearwing This species needs more study to determine if it is a form of P. artena associated with wet habitats (see DeVries 1987) or a distinct species. I have commonly found it to be sympatric with P. artena and consistently different in wing shape and pattern cha Black bordered by orange-brown All black Unknown Solitary Rectangular (end broad) Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 10 April 2001. Updated: 12 June 2001. No 25-27 mm 25 27 Without a yellow pattern No distinct light bar No Pteronymia Forest Yes Transparent (clear with black veins) No bar or spot Smaller than P. artena, costa of dorsal forewing entirely black, hindwing fringe scales black, postdiscal bar wide, M2 all black. Uniformly smooth Unknown On Pacific slope at 1100-1500 m; Atlantic slope at 700-1200 m. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by transparent (clearwings) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No spots No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Common V-shaped 1100-1500 m Yes (Male) Male Pteronymia artena Pteronymia simplex Hypoleria cassotis Greta andromica tigranes Costa Rica Special concern 50-52 mm Pte-tig-fd-664-184.jpg Pte-tig-fd-664.jpg Pte-tig-fv-664-184.jpg Pte-tig-fv-664.jpg Pte-tig-md-640-184.jpg Pte-tig-md-640.jpg Pte-tig-mv-640-184.jpg Pte-tig-mv-640.jpg Pteronymia tigranes 52 50 Uncommon Black tip 700-1200 m (Godman & Salvin) No No Partly white Narrow About same width as adjacent black border Same as neighboring cells No distinct mark Present during migration All brown Clear with black veins Black Clearwing This species needs more study to determine if it is a form of P. artena associated with wet habitats (see DeVries 1987) or a distinct species. I have commonly found it to be sympatric with P. artena and consistently different in wing shape and pattern cha Black bordered by orange-brown All black Unknown Solitary Rectangular (end broad) Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 10 April 2001. Updated: 12 June 2001. No 25-27 mm 25 27 Without a yellow pattern White bar No Pteronymia Forest Yes Transparent (clear with black veins) No bar or spot Medium size, costa of dorsal forewing entirely black, hindwing fringe scales black, postdiscal bar very wide, M2 partly white. Uniformly smooth Unknown On Pacific slope at 1100-1500 m; Atlantic slope at 700-1200 m. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by transparent (clearwings) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No spots No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Common V-shaped 1100-1500 m No (Female) Female Pteronymia artena Pteronymia simplex Hypoleria cassotis Greta andromica tigranes Costa Rica Special concern 50-52 mm Sca_zib-fd-o374-184.jpg Sca-zib-fd-o374.jpg Sca_zib-fv-o375-184.jpg Sca-zib-fv-o375.jpg Sca_zib-md-o430-184.jpg Sca-zib-md-o430.jpg Sca_zib-mv-o431-184.jpg Sca-zib-mv-o431.jpg Scada zibia 39 44 Rare Black tip 0-700 m (Bates) n/a No Much thicker than adjacent black border No distinct mark Not present Lemon yellow bordered by black Black Yellow and black Flies low to the ground with shallow wingbeats. Males form small, single-species leks in sunny places in forest understory. Females oviposit on seedlings in light gaps. Solid black Solitary Solitary Opaque bar 5,7,8,11 Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber,whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 28 December 2000. Updated: 12 June 2001. 21-23 mm 21-22 23 Pale translucent yellow areas Yellow bar No Scada Forest Yes Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) No bar or spot Traslucent yellow bars, small white spot lines on dorsal borders of both wings, black antennae. Solanum arboreum Solanum siparunoides Atlantic lowlands, 0-700 m; Poco Sol field station. Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by yellow Yes (4 or more spots along margin) 1 spot per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Rare or none Flies low to the ground with shallow wingbeats. Males form small leks in sunny places in understory. Females oviposit on seedlings in light gaps. Not present n/a Both Aeria eurimedea Oleria zelica zibia Nicaragua to South America Special concern 39-44 mm Tal-lon-fd-612-184.jpg Tal-lon-fd-612.jpg Tal-lon-fv-612-184.jpg Tal-lon-fv-612.jpg Tal-lon-md-611-184.jpg Tal-lon-md-611.jpg Tal-lon-mv-611-184.jpg Tal-lon-mv-611.jpg Talamancana lonera 59 57-63 Rare Orange tip 1200-1500 m (Haber, Brown & Freitas) None No About same width as adjacent black border Smoky translucent mark Not present Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Golden translucent Not seen in the Monteverde region since 1979. The hindwing discal area is distinctly more transparent in the male than in the female. Solanum circinatum was formerly called Cyphomandra hartwegii. Solid black Solitary Solitary Smoky translucent bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 13 January 2001. Updated: 6 June 2001. 29-31 mm 29-31 31 Pale translucent yellow areas No distinct light bar Yes Talamancana Forest Yes Translucent (shaded yellow to orange) No bar or spot Dircenna pattern; triangular charcoal smudge in forewing cell; paired white marginal spots on ventral hindwing, hind margin of dorsal forewing all black, ventral hindwing costa without a white streak (as in Dircenna), smaller than Dircenna. Solanum circinatum Recorded in our region from a single forest fragment (1400 m) on the Atlantic slope NW of Monteverde. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 2 spots per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Rare or none Not present n/a Both Dircenna relata Dircenna olyras Napeogenes cranto Ithomia xenos lonera Costa Rica and Panama Endangered 57-63 mm Thyr-psid-fd-522-184.jpg Thyr-psid-fd-522.jpg Thyr-psid-fv-522-184.jpg Thyr-psid-fv-522.jpg Thyr-psid-md-533-184.jpg Thyr-psid-md-533.jpg Thyr-psid-mv-533-184.jpg Thyr-psid-mv-533.jpg Thyridia psidii 75 77-78 Rare Orange tip 0-700 m (Bates) No Yes Much thicker than adjacent black border Cell mostly black with light spots at end Not present Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black Spotted orange and black Solanum circinatum and S. diversifolium were formerly in Cyphomandra. Solid black Solitary Solitary Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 13 January 2001. Updated: 12 June 2001. 39-40 mm 39-40 39 Pale translucent yellow areas Yellow bar No Thyridia Both forest and open Yes Opaque Dark spot present Large, forewing mostly black, hindwing discal bar reduced to a spot, paired spots on dorsal forewing and ventral hindwing margin (single in Mechanitis), only tips of antennae yellow. Solanum circinatum Solanum diversifolium Atlantic lowlands up to about 500 m. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by orange-brown Yes (4 or more spots along margin) 2 spots per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Rare or none Not present n/a Both Mechanitis polymnia Olyras crathis Hyalyris excelsa psidii Mexico to South America No concern 75-78 mm Tith-harm-fd-523-184.jpg Tith-harm-fd-523.jpg Tith-harm-fv-523-184.jpg Tith-harm-fv-523.jpg Tith-harm-md-536-184.jpg Tith-harm-md-536.jpg Tith-harm-mv-537-184.jpg Tith-harm-mv-537.jpg Tithorea harmonia 72-73 74 Uncommon Orange tip 0-700 m Godman & Salvin n/a No Much thicker than adjacent black border Cell mostly black with light spots at end Present during migration Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black alternating with white Barless tigre The amount of black on the hw disc is highly variable as is the shape of the yellow spots on the fw. Black broken by light colors Solitary Solitary Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 by William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 13 January 2001. Updated: 12 June 2001. 38-39 mm 38-39 39 Bright yellow spots or bands No distinct light bar No Tithorea Forest No Opaque No bar or spot Antennae orange, forewing short with pointed tip, white checks on wing edges, spots on ventral hindwing margin paired, black bar on lower edge of forewing discal cell, black bar above hindwing discal cell, discal bar reduced to a spot or absent. Prestonia portobellensis ?(Apocynaceae)? Enters our area only at the lowest ranges on the dry Pacific slope. Typical of lowland dry forest. Occasionally passes through Monteverde as a migrant. Rarely seen in the Atlantic lowlands (San Carlos). No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 2 spots per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Uncommon Typical of lowland dry forest. Occasionally passes through Monteverde as a migrant. Rarely seen in the Atlantic lowlands (San Carlos). 0-700 m n/a Both Mechanitis polymnia Hypothyris lycaste Thyridia psidii Melinaea scylax harmonia Mexico to South America No concern 72-74 mm Tith-tarr-fd-535-184.jpg Tith-tarr-fd-535.jpg Tith-tarr-fv-535-184.jpg Tith-tarr-fv-535.jpg Tith-tarr-md-534-184.jpg Tith-tarr-md-534.jpg Tith-tarr-mv-534-184.jpg Tith-tarr-mv-534.jpg Tithorea tarricina 77 76 Uncommon Black tip 0-1500 m Godman & Salvin n/a Yes Much thicker than adjacent black border Cell mostly black with light spots at end Not present Translucent yellow to dark orange-brown Black alternating with white Spotted orange and black The amount of black on the hindwing disc is highly variable as is the shape of the yellow spots on the forewing. Unusual in not using Solanaceae as larval hosts. The hosts are vines with clear sap containing pyrrholyzine alkaloids instead of the usual whi Black broken by light colors Solitary Solitary Opaque bar Images and text copyright (c) 2001 William A. Haber, whaber@racsa.co.cr Created: 28 December 2000. Updated: 6 June 2001. 40-41 mm 40 41 Bright yellow spots or bands No distinct light bar No Tithorea Forest Yes Opaque No bar or spot Large size, broad wings, many small forewing spots, black antennae, small white checks on wing edges. Prestonia longifolia ?(Apocynaceae)? Tith-tarr-mdv-168.jpg#Tith-tarr-mdv-72.jpg Pacific slope from 700-1500 m; Atlantic slope down to the lowlands. No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Black bordered by orange-brown No (only 1 to 3 spots at apex) 2 spots per cell Yes (4 or more spots along margin) Uncommon 1200-1500 m n/a Both Callithomia hezia Hyposcada virginiana Mechanitis polymnia Olyras crathis tarricina Mexico to South America No concern 76-77 mm