head 1.1; access; symbols; locks; strict; comment @# @; 1.1 date 2004.08.25.11.07.57; author GregorHagedorn; state Exp; branches; next ; desc @none @ 1.1 log @none @ text @ Documentation of UBIF enumerations

UBIF Enumeration info

This document is automatically generated based on the enumerations present in the following schema: "Unified Biosciences Information Framework (UBIF) 1.0 beta 15". The html representation is intended for documentation and to improve discussion and correction of errors (please comment on http://efgblade.cs.umb.edu/twiki/bin/view/UBIF/EnumerationsTypes). The xml representation follows the general conventions of UBIF documents and may be easier to import or integrate into user interfaces than the schema itself. This is especially true for SDD documents, where a large part of the terminology is provided in the form of data documents by the experts of a given knowledge domain. This document can be used side-by-side as schema-defined terminology with user-defined terminology. Note that a special UBIF payload schema Enumeration is defined in the schema UBIF_Enumerations.xsd, with which this file can be validated.

RevisionStatusEnum

Revision Status is applied to the entire data collection as well as to individual objects (a specimen, a class description, etc.). Exact semantics are only defined for the first and the last category. The semantics of the intermediate (level 1 to 5) may be chosen freely by the user, but the relative position should be maintained. If, for example, three revision steps are planned (2 intermediate, reaching FullyRevised on third), it is recommended to use RevisionLevel2, RevisionLevel4, FullyRevised.

Value	Label	Details
Unrevised	Unrevised	The data have been input, but no separate revision was performed.
RevisionLevel1	Revision level 1 of 5	For example, in a collection less than ca. 20 % of the data are revised, or on a single object only a plausibility check has been performed.
RevisionLevel2	Revision level 2 of 5	For example, in a collection ca. 41-60 % of the data are revised, or on a single object the data are compared carefully with the source.
RevisionLevel3	Revision level 3 of 5	For example, ca. 41-60 % of the data are revised.
RevisionLevel4	Revision level 4 of 5	For example, ca. 61-80 % of the data are revised.
RevisionLevel5	Revision level 5 of 5	For example, more than 80% revised (but not yet completed).
FullyRevised	Revision completed	This does not necessarily imply that the data are complete in a scientific sense. They are completely revised only under the available time and the goals set for the project.

Value	Label	Details
0	0 = Unspecified expertise level	Use this if the expertise level of can not be assessed (e. g. when exporting data) or is considered irrelevant.
1	1 = Elementary school (year 1 to 6)
2	2 = Middle school (year 7 to 10)
3	3 = High school (year 11 above) and general public	When addressing this level specialized terminology or jargon should be avoided.
4	4 = University students or (partly) trained staff	This level uses specialized terminology, but avoids or explains problematic terms.
5	5 = Experts	This level uses the full range of terminology

Value	Label	Details
Collection	Collection	A collection is an aggregation of items. The term collection means that the resource is described as a group; its parts may be separately described and navigated.
Dataset	Dataset	A dataset is information encoded in a defined structure (for example, lists, tables, and databases), intended to be useful for direct machine processing.
Event	Event	An event is a non-persistent, time-based occurrence. Metadata for an event provides descriptive information that is the basis for discovery of the purpose, location, duration, responsible agents, and links to related events and resources. The resource of type event may not be retrievable if the described instantiation has expired or is yet to occur. Examples - exhibition, web-cast, conference, workshop, open-day, performance, battle, trial, wedding, tea-party, conflagration.
Image	Image	An image is a primarily symbolic visual representation other than text. For example - images and photographs of physical objects, paintings, prints, drawings, other images and graphics, animations and moving pictures, film, diagrams, maps, musical notation. Note that image may include both electronic and physical representations.
InteractiveResource	Interactive Resource	An interactive resource is a resource which requires interaction from the user to be understood, executed, or experienced. For example - forms on web pages, applets, multimedia learning objects, chat services, virtual reality.
MovingImage	Moving Image (Video)	A series of visual representations that, when shown in succession, impart an impression of motion. Examples of moving images are: animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Comment: Instances of the type "Moving Image" must also be describable as instances of the broader type "Image".
PhysicalObject	Physical Object	An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. For example -- a computer, the great pyramid, a sculpture. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these things should use Image, Text or one of the other types.
Service	Service	A service is a system that provides one or more functions of value to the end-user. Examples include: a photocopying service, a banking service, an authentication service, interlibrary loans, a Z39.50 or Web server.
Software	Software	Software is a computer program in source or compiled form which may be available for installation non-transiently on another machine. For software which exists only to create an interactive environment, use interactive instead.
Sound	Sound	A sound is a resource whose content is primarily intended to be rendered as audio. For example - a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds.
StillImage	Still Image	A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Comment: Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Instances of the type "Still Image" must also be describable as instances of the broader type "Image".
Text	Text	A text is a resource whose content is primarily words for reading. For example - books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Text may contain embedded still image illustrations, e. g., formatted html pages.
Other	Other	Use this category if the resource does not seem to fit into any of the categories provided above.

Value	Label
voice	voice phone number
fax	fax number
mobile	mobile phone number
modem	modem number
pager	pager number

Value	Label	Details
0	0	Undecided (not yet rated).
1	1	For example, "disagree strongly", or "very poor".
2	2	For example, "rather disagree", or "poor".
3	3	For example, "neutral", "average", "undecided".
4	4	For example, "rather agree", or "good".
5	5	For example, "agree strongly", or "very good".

Value	Abbrev.	Label
ltr	ltr	left-to-right text direction (e.g., English)
rtl	rtl	right-to-left text direction (e.g., Arabic)

Value	Label	Details
interval	interval	real numeric (= floating point) values, where 0 is an arbitrarily defined point. As a consequence, ratios are undefined and only the intervals between values can be analyzed. Example: Temperature in °C or °F.
ratio	ratio	real numeric (= floating point) values (DELTA: type 'RN'), where 0 is an objective point and ratios can thus be analyzed. Example: length measurements. Most measures belong into this category and it is acceptable to assume the 'ratio' scale when importing DELTA legacy data.
nominal	nominal	unordered categorical states (DELTA character type 'UM')
ordinal	ordinal	ordered categorical states (DELTA character type 'OM'). Unless a separate tree defines more specific ordering, the order is assumed to be linear in the sequence in which the categories are enumerated in their definition.

Value	Abbrev.	Label	Details
ObserverEstLower	-	Lower range limit (human estimate)	Free estimate made by human observer for the lower range limit (no statistical sampling and calculation was used). This method is appropriate when it is known that the values are derived from experience with the described objects (perhaps from memory) or from scanning a sample of objects and measuring those objects considered 'typical'. This method is not appropriate for single measurements or for calculations based on statistical methods (which provide exact 'statistical estimates'). Compare also the 'UnknownMethod'-methods that are provided for legacy data.
ObserverEstUpper	+	Upper range limit (human estimate)	Free estimate made by human observer for the upper range limit (no statistical sampling and calculation was used). This method is appropriate when it is known that the values are derived from experience with the described objects (perhaps from memory) or from scanning a sample of objects and measuring those objects considered 'typical'. This method is not appropriate for single measurements or for calculations based on statistical methods (which provide exact 'statistical estimates'). Compare also the 'UnknownMethod'-methods that are provided for legacy data.
ObserverEstCentral	centr.	Central or typical value (human estimate)	Free estimate made by human observer for a single central or typical value (no statistical sampling and calculation was used). This method is appropriate when it is known that the values are derived from experience with the described objects (perhaps from memory) or from scanning a sample of objects and measuring those objects considered 'typical'. It is not appropriate for single measurements nor for calculations based on statistical methods (which provide exact 'statistical estimates'). Compare also the 'UnknownMethod'-methods that are provided for legacy data.
UnknownMethLower	-(?)	Lower range limit (legacy data)	Lower range limit obtained by an unknown method (e. g. human observer estimate or some kind of statistical estimate). The range may, e. g., be mean plus/minus standard deviation, or a range estimate. 'Unknown' is important for legacy data where the statistical measure used is not known. If it is known that a measure is a human observer estimate rather than a defined value, the 'ObserverEstimate' methods should be used instead.
UnknownMethUpper	+(?)	Upper range limit (legacy data)	Upper range limit obtained by an unknown method (e. g. human observer estimate or some kind of statistical estimate). The range may, e. g., be mean plus/minus standard deviation, or a range estimate. 'Unknown' is important for legacy data where the statistical measure used is not known. If it is known that a measure is a human observer estimate rather than a defined value, the 'ObserverEstimate' methods should be used instead.
UnknownMethCentral	centr.(?)	Central or typical value (legacy data)	Central or typical value obtained by an unknown method (e. g. human observer estimate or some kind of statistical estimate). The central value may, e. g., be a single measurement, median, or arithmetic mean. 'Unknown' is important for legacy data where the statistical measure used is not known. If it is known that a measure is a human observer estimate rather than a defined value, the 'ObserverEstimate' methods should be used instead.
Min	Min	Minimum value	Absolute smallest value
Max	Max	Maximum value	Absolute largest value
Mean	µ	Mean (= average)	This is the normal, arithmetic mean.
HarMean	hµ	Harmonic mean	The harmonic mean (reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of reciprocals) is rarely used. Recommendation: if nothing specific is said about a "mean", it can safely be assumed to be an arithmetic mean.
GeoMean	gµ	Geometric mean	The geometric mean (antilog of mean of logarithms) is relatively rarely used. Recommendation: if nothing specific is said about a "mean", it can safely be assumed to be an arithmetic mean.
Mode	mode	Mode	The value or value class with the highest frequency (most frequently occurring). Applicable only to unimodal distributions.
Median	med.	Median	The median is the 50 % percentile, i.e. 50% of the sampled values are smaller and the rest is larger than this value.
InterqMean	IQM	Interquartile mean (= average)	A truncated arithmetic mean, calculated only from those values that lie between 25 and 75% of sample values. This reduces the dependency of the mean on outliers and measurement errors.
Var	Var.	Variance (sample, df = n-1)	Variance based on a sample; calculated with n-1 (n = sample size) degrees of freedom. This is the "normal" variance used in almost all cases. A variance is a standard deviation squared.
VarP	Var. (pop.)	Variance (population; df = n; rarely applicable!)	Variance of population, calculated with n (= sample size) degrees of freedom. Use this if the entire population of objects has been studied. Normally conclusions about the population are based on a sample that has been studied; in this case the "normal" variance with df = n-1 is appropriate.
SD	s.d.	Standard deviation (sample)	Standard deviation based on a sample, calculated with n-1 (n = sample size) degrees of freedom. This is the "normal" standard deviation used in almost all cases.
SDP	s.d. (pop.)	Standard deviation (population; df = n; rarely applicable!)	Standard deviation based on the entire population; calculated with n (= sample size) degrees of freedom. Use this if the entire population of objects has been studied. Normally conclusions about the population are based on a sample that has been studied; in this case the "normal" std. dev. with df = n-1 is appropriate.
MeanDev	m.d.	Mean deviation	The mean of the absolute differences from the arithmetic mean of values. The absolute differences are the positive, unsquared differences from the mean.
MeanDevMode	m.d.m.	Mean deviation from median	The mean of the absolute differences from the median of values. The absolute differences are the positive, unsquared differences from the mode.
CV	CV	Coefficient of variation (sample)	Standard deviation (based on a sample), divided by the mean. The values entered should not be expressed as percent, but converted to a true value (use '0.3' for 30%). According to Sokal & Rohlf 1981:59 this is a biased estimate, which may be corrected, compare 'CVC'.
CVC	CVC	Corrected coefficient of variation (sample)	Corrected coefficient corrected by (1 + (1/4n)). Compare, e. g., Sokal & Rohlf 1981:59'.
TotalRange	TR	Total range	The maximum value minus the minimum value. Also often called "Range" without further qualification like 'absolute', 'total'. This measure can normally be computed automatically based on minimum and maximum. It will be manually entered, if minimum and maximum are not separately cited in a publication.
InterqRange	IQR	Interquartile range	This is the length of a symmetric interval around median, containing 50% of observations.
StdErrMean	s.e.	Standard error of mean	The standard error of mean is defined as: "std. dev. / square root(n)" (with n = sample size)
StdErrorVar	s.e.(var.)	Standard error of variance (of multiple samples)	This is not a variance measure of the mean, but a measure of the variance of the variance estimates.
Skew	Skw.	Skewness	Coefficient of skewness of a distribution, a measure of the degree of asymmetry of a distribution around its mean: <0 if mode < median, =0 if symmetric, > 0 if mode > median.
Kurt	Kurt.	Kurtosis	Coefficient of kurtosis of distribution, a measure of the "peakedness" of a distribution. A normal distribution has a value of 0.263, larger values indicate wider, smaller narrower distributions.
N	n	Stichprobenumfang	Die Anzahl der Beobachtungen auf denen die angegebenen statistischen Maße (Mittelwert, Standardabweichung, etc.) beruhen.

Value	Abbrev.	Label	Details
ConfIntervalLower	-CI{ParameterValue}	Lower limit of {ParameterValue}% confidence interval for mean.	The confidence interval is defined as a range into which the true mean of the distribution falls with a certain probability. The parameter expresses the confidence level in percent. Typical values are: 99.9% (= 0.05% from left!), 99% (= 0.5% from left), 95% (= 2.5% from left), 90% (= 5% from left).
ConfIntervalUpper	+CI{ParameterValue}	Upper limit of {ParameterValue}% confidence interval for mean.	The confidence interval is defined as a range into which the true mean of the distribution falls with a certain probability. The probability is expressed in percent in a parameter called; typical values are: 99.9 (= 99.95% from left!), 99 (= 99.5% from left), 95 (= 97.5% from left), 90 (= 95% from left).
PercLower	-P{ParameterValue}	{ParameterValue}% percentile	The {ParameterValue}% percentile is defined such that {ParameterValue}% of the observations are smaller than this value. Typical parameter values are 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 (= 1st quartile), 30. Do not use 50; use the 'Median' measure instead!
PercUpper	+P{ParameterValue}	{ParameterValue}% percentile	The {ParameterValue}% percentile is defined such that {ParameterValue}% of the observations are smaller than this value. Typical parameter values are 70, 75 (= 3rd quartile), 80, 90, 95, 97.5. Do not use 50; use the 'Median' measure instead!
TrimMean	+TM{ParameterValue}	{ParameterValue}% trim mean	The arithmetic mean of the symmetric {ParameterValue}% interior portion of a set of data values.
SDRangeLower	µ - {ParameterValue} s.d.	Mean minus {ParameterValue} stand. deviation(s)	Lower limit of a range calculated as mean minus standard deviations. The parameter ParameterValue (here {ParameterValue}) defines a factor with which the s.d. is multiplied before it is substracted from the mean. Typical parameter values are 1 or 2.
SDRangeUpper	µ + {ParameterValue} s.d.	Mean plus {ParameterValue} stand. deviation(s)	Upper limit of a range calculated as mean plus standard deviations. The parameter ParameterValue (here {ParameterValue}) defines a factor with which the s.d. is multiplied before it is added to the mean. Typical parameter values are 1 or 2.
MinOC	Min\{ParameterValue} s.d.	Minimum; outlier corrected ({ParameterValue} std. dev.)	Absolute minimum value of sample, excluding outlier values more than {ParameterValue} standard deviations distant from the mean. Typical parameter values are 3 or 4.
MaxOC	Max\{ParameterValue} s.d.	Maximum; outlier corrected ({ParameterValue} std. dev.)	Absolute maximum value of sample, excluding outlier values more than {ParameterValue} standard deviations distant from the mean. Typical parameter values are 3 or 4.

Value	Label
CentralMeasure	Any kind of central measure, like mean, mode, median, etc.
LowerRange	The lower value of any kind of range measure, like 'mean minus standard dev.', confidencen interval, percentiles, etc.
UpperRange	The upper value of any kind of range measure, like 'mean + standard dev.', confidencen interval, percentiles, etc.
LowerExtreme	The absolute minimum value.
UpperExtreme	The absolute maximum value.
VarianceMeasure	Any kind of variance measure, like standard deviation, variance, etc.
SampleSize	The sample size.
Other	Any other kind of statistical measure.

Value	Label	Details
StatisticalEstimate	Statistical estimate	Measures estimated by statistical methods. Examples: Sample mean, minimum, confidence interval, standard deviation (n-1 degrees of freedom).
StatisticalParameter	Statistical parameter	Values calculated by statistical methods that are exact in relation to the population under study (statistical estimates are exact in relation to the sample, but estimates in relation to the population under study). Examples: Sample size, standard deviation (n degrees of freedom).
ObserverEstimate	Observer estimate	Values estimated by humans without using mathematical/statistical methods.
UnknownMethod	Unknown method	Values obtained by an unknown method. This may be a statistical method or a human observer estimate. Many legacy data sets and data published in print fall into this category.

Value	Label	Details
aut	Author	A person or corporate body chiefly responsible for the intellectual or artistic content of a work. This term may also be used when more than one person or body bears such responsibility.
edt	Editor	A person who prepares for publication a work not primarily his/her own, such as by elucidating text, adding introductory or other critical matter, or technically directing an editorial staff.
cre	Creator in general	A person or corporate body responsible for the intellectual or artistic content of a work. The more specific type Author [aut] or Editor [edt] should be preferred.
ill	Illustrator	The person who conceives, and perhaps also implements, a design or illustration, usually to accompany a written text.
pht	Photographer	The person or organization responsible for taking photographs, whether they are used in their original form or as reproductions.
ctb	Contributor in general	Someone whose work has been contributed to a larger work, such as an anthology, serial publication, or other compilation of individual works. Do not use for someone whose sole function in relation to a work is as author, editor, compiler or translator.
trl	Translator	A person who renders a text from one language into another, from an older form of a language into the modern form, or from one audience-specific representation to one appropriate for another audience.
trc	Transcriber	A person who prepares a handwritten or typewritten copy from original material, including from dictated or orally recorded material.
clb	Collaborator	A person or corporate body that takes a limited part in the elaboration of a work of another person or corporate body that brings complements (e.g., appendices, notes) to the work.
col	Collector	A person who has brought together material from various sources, which has been arranged, described, and catalogued as a collection. The collector is neither the creator of the material nor the person to whom manuscripts in the collection may have been addressed.
crp	Correspondent	A person or organization who was either the writer or recipient of a letter or other communication.
prg	Programmer	A person or corporate body responsible for the creation and/or maintenance of computer program design documents, source code, and machine-executable digital files and supporting documentation.
rth	Research team head	The person or corporate body that directed or managed a research project.
rtm	Research team member	The person or corporate body that participated in a research project but whose role did not involve direction or management of it.
res	Researcher	The person or corporate body responsible for performing research.
sad	Scientific advisor	A person who brings scientific, pedagogical, or historical competence to the conception and realization on a work, particularly in the case of audio-visual items.
pfr	Proofreader	A person who corrects text (orthography, grammar).
mrk	Markup editor	The person or organization performing the coding of SGML, HTML, or XML markup of metadata, text, etc.
cmm	Commentator	A person who provides interpretation, analysis, or a discussion of the subject matter on a recording, motion picture, or other audiovisual medium.
rev	Reviewer	A person or corporate body responsible for the review of book, motion picture, performance, etc.
csl	Consultant	The person called upon for professional advice or services in a specialized field of knowledge or training.
own	Owner	The person or organization that currently owns an item or collection.
fmo	Former owner	The person or organization who owned an item at any time in the past. Includes those to whom the material was once presented. The person or organization giving the item to the present owner is designated as Donor [dnr]
cph	Copyright holder	A person or organization owning the copyright of the material.
cpc	Copyright claimant	The person listed as a copyright owner at the time of registration. Copyright can be granted or later transferred to another person or agent, at which time the claimant becomes the copyright holder.
dnr	Donor	The donor of a book, manuscript, etc., to its present owner. Donors to previous owners are designated as Former owner [fmo]
dpt	Depositor	A person or organization placing material in the physical custody of a library or repository without transferring the legal title.

Value	Label	Details
aut	Author	A person or corporate body chiefly responsible for the intellectual or artistic content of a work. This term may also be used when more than one person or body bears such responsibility.
edt	Editor	A person who prepares for publication a work not primarily his/her own, such as by elucidating text, adding introductory or other critical matter, or technically directing an editorial staff.
cre	Creator in general	A person or corporate body responsible for the intellectual or artistic content of a work. The more specific type Author [aut] or Editor [edt] should be preferred.
ill	Illustrator	The person who conceives, and perhaps also implements, a design or illustration, usually to accompany a written text.
pht	Photographer	The person or organization responsible for taking photographs, whether they are used in their original form or as reproductions.
ctb	Contributor in general	Someone whose work has been contributed to a larger work, such as an anthology, serial publication, or other compilation of individual works. Do not use for someone whose sole function in relation to a work is as author, editor, compiler or translator.
trl	Translator	A person who renders a text from one language into another, from an older form of a language into the modern form, or from one audience-specific representation to one appropriate for another audience.
trc	Transcriber	A person who prepares a handwritten or typewritten copy from original material, including from dictated or orally recorded material.
clb	Collaborator	A person or corporate body that takes a limited part in the elaboration of a work of another person or corporate body that brings complements (e.g., appendices, notes) to the work.
col	Collector	A person who has brought together material from various sources, which has been arranged, described, and catalogued as a collection. The collector is neither the creator of the material nor the person to whom manuscripts in the collection may have been addressed.
crp	Correspondent	A person or organization who was either the writer or recipient of a letter or other communication.
prg	Programmer	A person or corporate body responsible for the creation and/or maintenance of computer program design documents, source code, and machine-executable digital files and supporting documentation.
rth	Research team head	The person or corporate body that directed or managed a research project.
rtm	Research team member	The person or corporate body that participated in a research project but whose role did not involve direction or management of it.
res	Researcher	The person or corporate body responsible for performing research.
sad	Scientific advisor	A person who brings scientific, pedagogical, or historical competence to the conception and realization on a work, particularly in the case of audio-visual items.
pfr	Proofreader	A person who corrects text (orthography, grammar).
mrk	Markup editor	The person or organization performing the coding of SGML, HTML, or XML markup of metadata, text, etc.
cmm	Commentator	A person who provides interpretation, analysis, or a discussion of the subject matter on a recording, motion picture, or other audiovisual medium.
rev	Reviewer	A person or corporate body responsible for the review of book, motion picture, performance, etc.
csl	Consultant	The person called upon for professional advice or services in a specialized field of knowledge or training.

Value	Label	Details
aut	Author	A person or corporate body chiefly responsible for the intellectual or artistic content of a work. This term may also be used when more than one person or body bears such responsibility.
edt	Editor	A person who prepares for publication a work not primarily his/her own, such as by elucidating text, adding introductory or other critical matter, or technically directing an editorial staff.
cre	Creator in general	A person or corporate body responsible for the intellectual or artistic content of a work. The more specific type Author [aut] or Editor [edt] should be preferred.
ill	Illustrator	The person who conceives, and perhaps also implements, a design or illustration, usually to accompany a written text.
pht	Photographer	The person or organization responsible for taking photographs, whether they are used in their original form or as reproductions.

Value	Label	Details
ctb	Contributor in general	Someone whose work has been contributed to a larger work, such as an anthology, serial publication, or other compilation of individual works. Do not use for someone whose sole function in relation to a work is as author, editor, compiler or translator.
trl	Translator	A person who renders a text from one language into another, from an older form of a language into the modern form, or from one audience-specific representation to one appropriate for another audience.
trc	Transcriber	A person who prepares a handwritten or typewritten copy from original material, including from dictated or orally recorded material.
clb	Collaborator	A person or corporate body that takes a limited part in the elaboration of a work of another person or corporate body that brings complements (e.g., appendices, notes) to the work.
col	Collector	A person who has brought together material from various sources, which has been arranged, described, and catalogued as a collection. The collector is neither the creator of the material nor the person to whom manuscripts in the collection may have been addressed.
crp	Correspondent	A person or organization who was either the writer or recipient of a letter or other communication.
prg	Programmer	A person or corporate body responsible for the creation and/or maintenance of computer program design documents, source code, and machine-executable digital files and supporting documentation.
rth	Research team head	The person or corporate body that directed or managed a research project.
rtm	Research team member	The person or corporate body that participated in a research project but whose role did not involve direction or management of it.
res	Researcher	The person or corporate body responsible for performing research.
sad	Scientific advisor	A person who brings scientific, pedagogical, or historical competence to the conception and realization on a work, particularly in the case of audio-visual items.
pfr	Proofreader	A person who corrects text (orthography, grammar).
mrk	Markup editor	The person or organization performing the coding of SGML, HTML, or XML markup of metadata, text, etc.
cmm	Commentator	A person who provides interpretation, analysis, or a discussion of the subject matter on a recording, motion picture, or other audiovisual medium.
rev	Reviewer	A person or corporate body responsible for the review of book, motion picture, performance, etc.
csl	Consultant	The person called upon for professional advice or services in a specialized field of knowledge or training.

Value	Label	Details
M	Male	[= ASTM E1633: M, = ISO 5218: 1]
F	Female	[= ASTM E1633: F, = ISO 5218: 2]
U	Unknown sex	No information regarding the sex is available (= "not recorded"). [= ASTM E1633: U, = ISO 5218: 0]
H	Hermaphrodite	An organism having both male and female sexual organs at some time during adulthood. General term, not differentiating between simultaneous or sequential hermaphrodites. [= ASTM E1633: H]
S	Simultaneous hermaphrodite	An organism having both male and female sexual organs at the same time during adulthood. [Not in ASTM E1633]
MC	Male changing to Female	The organism starts as a male, and changes sex to a female later in life (sequential hermaphrodite: protandry). Examples: seabasses (fish); many plant species; humans that underwent surgical sex change. This terms does not identify a phase in which an individual may be. [= ASTM E1633: MC]
FC	Female changing to Male	The organism starts as a female, and changes sex to a male later in life (sequential hermaphrodite: protogyny). Example: Wrass reef fishes; some plants; humans that underwent surgical sex change. This terms does not identify a phase in which an individual may be. [= ASTM E1633: FC]
HM	Hermaphrodite, male phase	Sequential hermaphrodite in male phase. [Not in ASTM E1633]
HF	Hermaphrodite, female phase	Sequential hermaphrodite in female phase. [Not in ASTM E1633]
HT	Hermaphrodite, transitional phase	Sequential hermaphrodite currently between sexes. [Not in ASTM E1633]
I	Indeterminate sex	The organism has been studied, but the sex could not be determined (e.g. in larval forms). Compare "ambiguous" and "unknown" sex. [perhaps = ISO 5218: 9; not in ASTM E1633/perhaps = O]
A	Ambiguous sex	The sex organs have been studied, but the result was ambiguous. Includes abnormal mixed sex situations like "gynandromorph" (e. g. an insect is male on one side, female on the other). Compare "indeterminate" and "unknown" sex. [= ASTM E1633: A]

Value	Label	Details
Certain	The identification is certain
Uncertain	The identification is uncertain	In biology this is often expressed with the Latin 'cf.' (confer).
SimilarTo	The identification names a similar object class.	In this case the identified object is considered very similar to those objects classified under the given name. Note that in contrast to 'Uncertain' this implies that the object most likely it does not belong to this class. In biology this is often expressed with the Latin 'aff.' or 'afin.' (affinis).
Unknown	The certainty of identification is unknown.

Value	Label	Details
allo	Allotype	A paratype specimen designated from the type series by the original author that is the opposite sex of the holotype. The term is not regulated by the ICZN. [Zoo.]
allolecto	Allolectotype	A paralectotype specimen that is the opposite sex of the lectotype. The term is not regulated by the ICZN. [Zoo.]
alloneo	Alloneotype	A paraneotype specimen that is the opposite sex of the neotype. The term is not regulated by the ICZN. [Zoo.]
co	Cotype	A deprecated term no longer recognized in the ICZN; formerly used for either syntype or paratype [see ICZN Recommendation 73E]. [Zoo.]
epi	Epitype	An epitype is a specimen or illustration selected to serve as an interpretative type when any kind of holotype, lectotype, etc. is demonstrably ambiguous and cannot be critically identified for purposes of the precise application of the name of a taxon (see Art. ICBN 9.7, 9.18). An epitype supplements, rather than replaces existing types. [Bot./Bio.]
ex	Ex-Type	A strain or cultivation derived from some kind of type material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.]
exepi	Ex-Epitype	A strain or cultivation derived from epitype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Bot.]
exholo	Ex-Holotype	A strain or cultivation derived from holotype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.]
exiso	Ex-Isotype	A strain or cultivation derived from isotype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.]
exlecto	Ex-Lectotype	A strain or cultivation derived from lectotype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.]
exneo	Ex-Neotype	A strain or cultivation derived from neotype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.]
expara	Ex-Paratype	A strain or cultivation derived from paratype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.]
exsyn	Ex-Syntype	A strain or cultivation derived from neotype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.]
hapanto	Hapantotype	One or more preparations of directly related individuals representing distinct stages in the life cycle, which together form the type in an extant species of protistan [ICZN Article 72.5.4]. A hapantotype, while a series of individuals, is a holotype that must not be restricted by lectotype selection. If a hapantotype is found to contain individuals of more than one species, however, components may be excluded until it contains individuals of only one species [ICZN Article 73.3.2]. [Zoo.]
holo	Holotype	The one specimen or other element used or designated by the original author at the time of publication of the original description as the nomenclatural type of a species or infraspecific taxon. A holotype may be 'explicit' if it is clearly stated in the originating publication or 'implicit' if it is the single specimen proved to have been in the hands of the originating author when the description was published. [Zoo./Bot./Bio.]
icono	Iconotype	A drawing or photograph (also called 'phototype') of a type specimen. Note: the term "iconotype" is not used in the ICBN, but implicit in, e. g., ICBN Art. 7 and 38. [Zoo./Bot.]
iso	Isotype	An isotype is any duplicate of the holotype (i. e. part of a single gathering made by a collector at one time, from which the holotype was derived); it is always a specimen (ICBN Art. 7). [Bot.]
isolecto	Isolectotype	A duplicate of a neotype, compare lectotype. [Bot.]
isoneo	Isoneotype	A duplicate of a neotype, compare neotype. [Bot.]
isosyn	Isosyntype	A duplicate of a syntype, compare isotype = duplicate of holotype. [Bot.]
lecto	Lectotype	A specimen or other element designated subsequent to the publication of the original description from the original material (syntypes or paratypes) to serve as nomenclatural type. Lectotype designation can occur only where no holotype was designated at the time of publication or if it is missing (ICBN Art. 7, ICZN Art. 74). [Zoo./Bot.] -- Note: the BioCode defines lectotype as selection from holotype material in cases where the holotype material contains more than one taxon [Bio.].
neo	Neotype	A specimen designated as nomenclatural type subsequent to the publication of the original description in cases where the original holotype, lectotype, all paratypes and syntypes are lost or destroyed, or suppressed by the (botanical or zoological) commission on nomenclature. In zoology also called "Standard specimen" or "Representative specimen". [Zoo./Bot./Bio.]
para	Paratype	All of the specimens in the type series of a species or infraspecific taxon other than the holotype (and, in botany, isotypes). Paratypes must have been at the disposition of the author at the time when the original description was created and must have been designated and indicated in the publication. Judgment must be exercised on paratype status, for only rarely are specimens explicitly cited as paratypes, but usually as "specimens examined," "other material seen", etc. [Zoo./Bot.]
paralecto	Paralectotype	All of the specimens in the syntype series of a species or infraspecific taxon other than the lectotype itself. Also called "lectoparatype". [Zoo.]
paraneo	Paraneotype	All of the specimens in the syntype series of a species or infraspecific taxon other than the neotype itself. Also called "neoparatype". [Zoo.]
plasto	Plastotype	A copy or cast of type material, esp. relevant for fossil types. Not regulated by the botanical or zoological code (?). [Zoo./Bot.]
plastoholo	Plastoholotype	A copy or cast of holotype material (compare Plastotype).
plastoiso	Plastoisotype	A copy or cast of isotype material (compare Plastotype).
plastolecto	Plastolectotype	A copy or cast of lectotype material (compare Plastotype).
plastoneo	Plastoneotype	A copy or cast of neotype material (compare Plastotype).
plastopara	Plastoparatype	A copy or cast of paratype material (compare Plastotype).
plastosyn	Plastosyntype	A copy or cast of syntype material (compare Plastotype).
sec	Secondary type	A referred, described, measured or figured specimen in the original publication (including a neo/lectotypification publication) that is not a primary type.
supp	Supplementary type	A referred, described, measured or figured specimen in a revision of a previously described taxon.
syn	Syntypes	The series of specimens used to describe a species or infraspecific taxon when neither a single holotype by the original author, nor a lectotype in a subsequent publication has been designated. The syntypes collectively constitute the name-bearing type. [Zoo./Bot.]
topo	Topotype	One or more specimens collected at the same location as the type series (type locality), regardless of whether they are part of the type series. Topotypes are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. Also called "locotype". [Zoo./Bot.]
type	Type	a) A specimen designated or indicated any kind of type of a species or infraspecific taxon. If possible more specific type terms (holotype, syntype, etc.) should be applied. b) the type name of a name of higher rank for taxa above the species rank. [General]
not	not a type	For specimens erroneously labelled as types an explicit negative statement may be desirable. [General]

Value	Abbrev.	Label	Details
cand	cand.	candidate	Candidatus' rank is proposed in bacteriology for putative taxa, which could not yet be studied sufficiently to warrant the creation of a name with a known rank. (Murray, R.G.E. & Schleifer, K.H.: Taxonomic notes: a proposal for recording the properties of putative taxa of procaryotes. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1994, 44, 174-176).
taxinfrasp	tax. infrasp.	infraspecific tax. of undefined rank	Undefined ranks (using either no rank identifier in botany, or using greek letters or symbols like stars, crosses) occur in very old publications. Most frequently these are to be interpreted as varieties, but occasionally they are forms or subspecies (see Stearn, W.T. 1957: Species plantarum (Facsimile); Introduction. 1. London, p. 90-95, 160-161, 163). The interpretation of these cases requires taxonomic knowledge that may not be available at the time when data are parsed. Such lack of knowledge can be expressed using this rank identifier.
fsp	f. sp.	special form	The ICBN does not formally cover formae specialis (art. 4, note 3). However, because of the economic importance of pathogenic f. sp., and since it is common practice to handle them as if the code would apply (i. e. priority usually observed, name quoted with author), they are included here.
subsubfm	subsubfm.	subsubform
subfm	subfm.	subform
fm	fm.	form	Form, race, variety are not subject to regulation in zoology; see ICZN Article 1.3.4
subvar	subvar.	sub-variety
var	var.	variety	Form, race, variety are not subject to regulation in zoology; see ICZN Article 1.3.4 Examples: Pinus nigra var. caramanica (= "P. nigra subsp. nigra var. caramanica"; Taxus baccata var. variegata
pv	pathovar.	patho-variety
bv	biovar.	bio-variety
cv	cult.	cultivar	The epithet is usually output in single quotes and may contain multiple words, see ICBN §28. Examples: Taxus baccata 'Variegata', Juniperus ×pfitzeriana 'Wilhelm Pfitzer'; Magnolia 'Elizabeth' (= a hybrid, no species epithet).
convar	convar.	convar	Used in cultivated plants (ICNCP), but deprecated, see 'Some notes on problems of taxonomy and nomenclature of cultivated plants' by J. Ochsmann, http://www.genres.de/IGRREIHE/IGRREIHE/DDD/22-08.pdf
cvgroup	cultivar. group	cultivar-group
graftchimaera	graft-chimaera	graft-chimaera
infrasp	infrasp.	infraspecies
ssp	ssp.	subspecies	Examples: Pinus nigra subsp. nigra Homo sapiens sapiens
sp	sp.	species	Examples: Taxus baccata Homo sapiens
__doubtful_category_spgroup	sp. group	species group	The Berlin/MoreTax model notes: "Aggregate and species group have been included although they aren't taxonomic ranks but cirumscriptions because on the one hand they are necessary for the concatenation of the fullname and on the other hand they are necessary for distinguishing the aggregate or species group from the microspecies."
aggr	aggr.	species aggregate	A loosely defined group of species. Zoology: "Aggregate - a group of species, other than a subgenus, within a genus; or a group of subspecies within a species. An aggregate may be denoted by a group name interpolated in parentheses." -- The Berlin/MoreTax model notes: "Aggregate and species group have been included although they aren't taxonomic ranks but cirumscriptions because on the one hand they are necessary for the concatenation of the fullname and on the other hand they are necessary for distinguishing the aggregate or species group from the microspecies."
taxinfragen	tax. infragen.	infrageneric tax. of undefined rank	A name that appear between a genus name and a species epitheton and is not clearly marked as series or section, or other may be assigned to this rank until the true rank can be assigned by a taxonomic expert.
subser	subser.	subseries
ser	ser.	series
subsect	subsect.	subsection
sect	sect.	section
infragen	infragen.	infragenus
subgen	subgen.	subgenus
gen	gen.	genus	Examples: Magnolia Homo
infratrib	infratrib.	infratribe
subtrib	subtrib.	subtribe
trib	trib.	tribe
supertrib	supertrib.	supertribe
infrafam	infrafam.	infrafamily
subfam	subfam.	subfamily	Examples: Magnolioideae
fam	fam.	family	Examples: Magnoliaceae Hominidae
superfam	superfam.	superfamily	Examples: Magnoliacea
infraord	infraord.	infraorder
subord	subord.	suborder	Examples: Magnolineae Catarrhini
ord	ord.	order	Examples: Magnoliales Primates
superord	superord.	superorder	Examples: Magnolianae
infracl	infracl.	infraclass
subcl	subcl.	subclass	Examples: Magnoliidae Eutheria
cl	cl.	class	Examples: Magnoliopsida Mammalia
supercl	supercl.	superclass
infraphyl_div	infraphyl./div.	infraphylum (= infradivision)
subphyl_div	subphyl./div.	subphylum (= subdivision)	Examples: Magnoliophytina Vertebrata
phyl_div	phyl./div.	phylum (= division)	Examples: Magnoliophyta Chordata
superphyl_div	superphyl./div.	superphylum (= superdivision)
infrareg	infrareg.	infrakingdom
subreg	subreg.	subkingdom
reg	reg.	kingdom	Examples: Plantae Animalia
superreg	superreg.	super kingdom	Examples: Eucaryota
dom	dom.	domain (= empire)	Examples: Archaea (= Archaeobacteria), Bacteria (= Eubacteria), Eukarya (= Eukaryota)
taxsupragen	tax. supragen.	suprageneric tax. of undefined rank	This value indicates that the rank of a name is unknown. Compare "incertae sedis" which is commonly used as a replacement for a taxon to group all taxa whose position in the classification or phylogenetic tree is uncertain.