476 lines
20 KiB
Plaintext
476 lines
20 KiB
Plaintext
%META:TOPICINFO{author="DonovanSharp" date="1156820861" format="1.1" reprev="1.12" version="1.12"}%
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%META:TOPICPARENT{name="SddContents"}%
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---++SDD Part 0: Introduction and Primer to the SDD Standard
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---+++2.4 Dichotomous keys.
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---++++2.4.1 Traditional dichotomous keys.
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Dichotomous keys (Box 2.3.1) are specialised identification tools comprising fragments of descriptive data arranged in couplets forming a branching tree. Each fragment (lead) comprises a small (occasionally verbose) natural-language description. Each node in the tree typically has two branches (dichotomy) but may have three (trichotomy) or more branches. Several differing formats of dichotomous keys are traditionally used.
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---++++Box 2.4.1 - Typical dichotomous keys
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<div align="center">
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<table bgcolor="#ddddff" border="0" cellpadding="5" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111" width="80%" id="table7" >
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<tr>
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<td width="409" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px">
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<b>Key to Ascomycete genera</b></td>
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<td align="right" style="border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px"> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="409" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px">
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<br>
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Ascus unitunicate</td>
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<td align="right" style="border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px"> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="409" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px">
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Clypeus present around ostiolar neck</td>
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<td align="right" style="border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px"> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="409" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px">
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Clypeus poorly developed</td>
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<td align="right" style="border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px">
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<i>Glomerella</i></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="409" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px">
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Clypeus well developed</td>
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<td align="right" style="border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px">
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<i>Hyllachora</i></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="409" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px">
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Clypeus lacking</td>
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<td align="right" style="border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px"> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="409" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px">
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Ascus widest in middle</td>
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<td align="right" style="border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px">
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<i>Physalospora</i></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="409" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px">
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Ascus clavate or cylindrical</td>
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<td align="right" style="border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px">
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<i>Glomerella</i></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="409" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px">
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Ascus bitunicate</td>
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<td align="right" style="border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px"> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="409" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px">
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Ascostroma uniloculate</td>
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<td align="right" style="border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px">
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<i>Guignardia</i></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="409" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px">
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Ascostroma muliloculate</td>
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<td align="right" style="border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px">
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<i>Botryosphaeria</i></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</div>
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<br>
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<div align="center">
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<table bgcolor="#ddddff" border="1" cellpadding="5" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111" width="80%" id="table8">
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<tr>
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<td style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium" colspan="3">
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<b>Key to Australian skinks in the genus <i>Ctenotus</i></b></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="50" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium">1</td>
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<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium">Dark upper lateral zone with one or more distinct series of
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pale spots or blotches along the body</td>
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<td width="114" valign="bottom" align="right" style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium">2</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="50" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium">1a</td>
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<td style="border-style: none; border-width: medium">Dark upper lateral zone obscurely mottled or uniform with at
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most a few pale spots anteriorly</td>
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<td width="114" valign="bottom" align="right" style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium">3</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="50" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium">2</td>
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<td style="border-style: none; border-width: medium">Fewer than 25 lamellae under the fourth toe; supralabials 7-8 (usually 7); prefrontals separated</td>
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<td width="114" valign="bottom" align="right" style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium">
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<i>C. arcanus</i></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="50" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium">2a</td>
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<td style="border-style: none; border-width: medium">More than 25 lamellae under the fourth toe; supralabials 8-9
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(usually 8); prefrontals usually in contact</td>
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<td width="114" valign="bottom" align="right" style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium">
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<i>C. alleni</i></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="50" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium">3</td>
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<td style="border-style: none; border-width: medium">Pale mid-lateral stripe passes over the hindlimb to continue
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along the tail </td>
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<td width="114" valign="bottom" align="right" style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium">
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<i>C. inornatus</i></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="50" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px">3a</td>
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<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px">Pale mid-lateral stripe extends to groin, then continues
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along the front edge of the hindlimb</td>
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<td width="114" valign="bottom" align="right" style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px">
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<i>C. coggeri</i></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<div align="center">
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<table bgcolor="#ddddff" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111" width="80%">
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<tr>
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<td colspan="4" align="left" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px"><b>Key to <i>Aira</i> naturalized in Australia</b></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px" width="5%" height="35" rowspan="3" valign="top">1.</td>
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<td width="50%" height="15" valign="top">Inflorescence open and spreading</td>
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<td style="border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px" width="45%" height="15" valign="top">2</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="50%" height="15" valign="top">Inflorescence dense and spike-like</td>
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<td style="border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px" width="45%" height="15" valign="top"><b>*</b><b>A.
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praecox</b></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="50%" height="10" valign="top"></td>
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<td style="border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px" width="45%" height="10" valign="top"></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px" width="5%" height="35" rowspan="3" valign="top">2.</td>
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<td width="50%" height="15" valign="top">Pedicels 3-8 times spikelet length</td>
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<td style="border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px" width="45%" height="15" valign="top">3</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="50%" height="15" valign="top">Pedicels up to 3 times spikelet length</td>
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<td style="border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px" width="45%" height="15" valign="top">4</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="50%" height="10" valign="top"></td>
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<td style="border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px" width="45%" height="10" valign="top"></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px" width="5%" height="35" rowspan="3" valign="top">3.</td>
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<td width="50%" height="15" valign="top">Spikelets c. 3.5 mm long</td>
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<td style="border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px" width="45%" height="15" valign="top"><b>*A. provincialis</b></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="50%" height="15" valign="top">Spikelets c. 2 mm long</td>
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<td style="border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px" width="45%" height="15" valign="top"><b>*A. elegantissima</b></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="50%" height="10" valign="top"></td>
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<td style="border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px" width="45%" height="10" valign="top"></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px" width="5%" height="35" rowspan="3" valign="top">4.</td>
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<td width="50%" height="15" valign="top">Spikelets 2-2.5 mm long</td>
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<td style="border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px" width="45%" height="15" valign="top"><b>*A. cupaniana</b></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="50%" height="15" valign="top">Spikelets 2.5-3.2 mm long</td>
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<td style="border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px" width="45%" height="15" valign="top"><b>*A. caryophyllea</b></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px" width="50%" height="10" valign="top"></td>
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<td style="border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px" width="45%" height="10" valign="top"></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</div>
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</div>
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---+++2.4.2 SDD representation of dichotomous keys
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While dichotomous keys can be presented in various formats, the essential elements of all dichotomous keys are identical. Each consists of a tree of questions, each with two (or occasionally more) possible choices, each choice leading to another question or a taxon.
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A dichotomous key rendered in SDD requires three essential items: the names of the taxa being described, a set of questions (leads) used to separate the taxa, and the nodes defining the structure of the leads.
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A simple SDD instance document for dichotomous key data has the basic structure shown below and in Example 2.4.2.
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There are at least two different ways of generating a dichotomous key in a well structured SDD instance document, using statements or questions, these will be dealt with separately.
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%ATTACHURL%/identificationkey.gif
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---++++Example 2.4.2 - Dichotomous keys within SDD
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<table bgcolor="#ddddff" border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111">
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<tr>
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<td>
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<verbatim>
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<Datasets>
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<TechnicalMetadata>
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... information about the generator (Technical metadata)
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</TechnicalMetadata>
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<Dataset>
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<TaxonNames>
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... naming the entities described (Taxon names)
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</TaxonNames>
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<IdentificationKeys>
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<IdentificationKey>
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... the dichotomous key structure (see below)
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</IdentificationKey>
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</IdentificationKeys>
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</Dataset>
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</Datasets>
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</verbatim>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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---+++2.4.3 Dichotomous keys using statements
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A dichotomous key structured with statements consists mostly of the elements <lead> and <result>. <Lead> points to another couplet while <Result> points to a taxon name.
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---++++Example 2.4.3 - Structure of dichotomous keys within SDD (statements)
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<table bgcolor="#ddddff" border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111">
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<tr>
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<td>
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<verbatim>
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<IdentificationKey id="key1">
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<Representation>
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<Label>Key to Australian Aira Using statements </Label>
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</Representation>
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<Leads>
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<Lead id="lead1">
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<Statement>
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<Label>Inflorescence open and spreading </Label>
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</Statement>
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</Lead>
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<Result>
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<Statement>
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<Label>Inflorescence dense and spike-like </Label>
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</Statement>
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<TaxonName ref="t1"/>
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</Result>
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<Lead id="lead2">
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<Parent ref="lead1"/>
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<Statement>
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<Label>Pedicels 3-8 times spikelet length </Label>
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</Statement>
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</Lead>
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<Lead id="lead3">
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<Parent ref="lead1"/>
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<Statement>
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<Label>Pedicels up to 3 times spikelet length </Label>
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</Statement>
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</Lead>
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<Result>
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<Parent ref="lead2"/>
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<Statement>
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<Label>Spikelets c. 3.5 mm long </Label>
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</Statement>
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<TaxonName ref="t2"/>
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</Result>
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<Result>
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<Parent ref="lead2"/>
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<Statement>
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<Label>Spikelets c. 2 mm long </Label>
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</Statement>
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<TaxonName ref="t3"/>
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</Result>
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<Result>
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<Parent ref="lead3"/>
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<Statement>
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<Label>Spikelets 2-2.5 mm long </Label>
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</Statement>
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<TaxonName ref="t4"/>
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</Result>
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<Result>
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<Parent ref="lead3".>
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<Statement>
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<Label>Spikelets 2.5-3.2 mm long </Label>
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</Statement>
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<TaxonName ref="t5"/>
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</Result>
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</Leads>
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</IdentificationKey>
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</verbatim>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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---+++2.4.4 Dichotomous keys using questions
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When a dichotomous key in an SDD instance document is structured with questions the statements act as answers to questions rather than independent statements.
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---++++Example 2.4.4.1 - Structure of dichotomous keys within SDD (questions)
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<table bgcolor="#ddddff" border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111">
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<tr>
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<td>
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<verbatim>
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<IdentificationKey id="key1">
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<Representation>
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<Label>Key to Ascomycete genera</Label>
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</Representation>
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<Question>
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<Label>Is the ascus unitunicate</Label>
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</Question>
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<Leads>
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<Lead id="lead1">
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<Statement>
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<Label>yes, unitunicate</Label>
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</Statement>
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<Question>
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<Label>Is a clypeus present</Label>
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</Question>
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</Lead>
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<Lead id="lead2">
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<Statement>
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<Label>no, bitubinate</Label>
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</Statement>
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<Question>
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<Label>Is ascostroma uniloculate</Label>
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</Question>
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</Lead>
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<Lead id="lead3">
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<Parent ref="lead1"/>
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<Statement>
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<Label>yes, clypeus present around ostiolar neck</Label>
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</Statement>
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<Question>
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<Label>Is clypeus well developed</Label>
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</Question>
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</Lead>
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<Lead id="lead4">
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<Parent ref="lead1"/>
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<Statement>
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<Label>no, clypeus lacking</Label>
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</Statement>
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<Question>
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<Label>Is ascus widest in middle</Label>
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</Question>
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</Lead>
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<Result>
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<Parent ref="lead3"/>
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<Statement>
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<Label>clypeus poorly developed</Label>
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</Statement>
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<TaxonName ref="taxon1"/>
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</Result>
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<Result>
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|
<Parent ref="lead3"/>
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|
<Statement>
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|
<Label>clypeus well developed</Label>
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|
</Statement>
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|
<TaxonName ref="taxon2"/>
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|
</Result>
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|
<Result>
|
|
<Parent ref="lead4"/>
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|
<Statement>
|
|
<Label>ascus widest in middle</Label>
|
|
</Statement>
|
|
<TaxonName ref="taxon3"/>
|
|
</Result>
|
|
<Result>
|
|
<Parent ref="lead4".>
|
|
<Statement>
|
|
<Label>ascus clavate or cylindrical</Label>
|
|
</Statement>
|
|
<TaxonName ref="taxon1"/>
|
|
</Result>
|
|
<Result>
|
|
<Parent ref="lead2"/>
|
|
<Statement>
|
|
<Label>ascostoma uniloculate</Label>
|
|
</Statement>
|
|
<TaxonName ref="taxon4"/>
|
|
</Result>
|
|
<Result>
|
|
<Parent ref="lead2"/>
|
|
<Statement>
|
|
<Label>ascostoma multiloculate</Label>
|
|
</Statement>
|
|
<TaxonName ref="taxon5"/>
|
|
</Result>
|
|
</Leads>
|
|
</IdentificationKey>
|
|
</verbatim>
|
|
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
For more information on defining taxon names using the <TaxonNames> element, see the topic [[TaxonNames][Defining taxon names]].
|
|
|
|
Note that taxa can also be arranged into hierarchies. See the topic [[TaxonHierarchies][Defining taxon hierarchies]] for more information.
|
|
|
|
<Scope> describes the taxon or set of taxa to which the description applies.
|
|
|
|
The <Result> element may include a <Subkey> element, which points to another complete dichotomous key. This allows a main/subkey arrangement, for example a key to the genera of a family with results leading to a subkey identifying the species within each genus.
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|
|
|
---++++Example 2.4.4.2 - Subkeys within SDD dichotomous keys.
|
|
|
|
<table bgcolor="#ddddff" border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111">
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<verbatim>
|
|
<IdentificationKeys>
|
|
<IdentificationKey id="key 1">
|
|
<Representation>
|
|
<Label>Key to genera</Label>
|
|
</Representation>
|
|
<Leads>
|
|
<Lead id="lead1">
|
|
<Statement>
|
|
<Label>Inflorescence open and spreading</Label>
|
|
</Statement>
|
|
</Lead>
|
|
<Result>
|
|
<Statement>
|
|
<Label>Inflorescence dense and spike-like</Label>
|
|
</Statement>
|
|
<Subkey ref="key 2"/> (key to species of first genus))
|
|
</Result>
|
|
. . . etc.
|
|
|
|
</IdentificationKey>
|
|
</IdentificationKeys>
|
|
|
|
</verbatim>
|
|
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
-- Main.DonovanSharp - 01 Jun 2006
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%META:FILEATTACHMENT{name="identificationkey2.gif" attr="" autoattached="1" comment="" date="1152236495" path="identificationkey2.gif" size="8446" user="Main.DonovanSharp" version="1"}%
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%META:FILEATTACHMENT{name="identificationkey.gif" attr="" autoattached="1" comment="" date="1152425392" path="identificationkey.gif" size="6008" user="Main.DonovanSharp" version="4"}%
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