--- container: fluid --- # Darwin Core quick reference guide This document is intended to be an easy-to-read reference of the currently (as of 2021-07-15) recommended terms maintained as part of the [Darwin Core standard](https://www.tdwg.org/standards/dwc/) and is maintained by the [Darwin Core Maintenance Group](https://www.tdwg.org/community/dwc/). This page is not part of the standard, but combines the normative term names and definitions with the non-normative comments and examples that are meant to help people to use the terms consistently. Capitalized terms, such as Occurrence, are Darwin Core classes, which are special category terms used to group sets of terms for convenience. Comprehensive metadata for current and obsolete terms in human readable form are found in the document [List of Darwin Core terms](../list/). Additional [files with just the current term names](https://github.com/tdwg/dwc/tree/master/dist) and a [file with the full term history](https://github.com/tdwg/dwc/blob/master/vocabulary/term_versions.csv) can be found in the [Darwin Core repository](https://github.com/tdwg/dwc). For inquiries about how to use Darwin Core, either enter an issue in the [Darwin Core Questions & Answers site](https://github.com/tdwg/dwc-qa/blob/master/README.md) or enter an issue in the [alternative form](https://tinyurl.com/darwin-qa), which will have the same effect. See the bottom of this document for how to [cite Darwin Core](#cite-darwin-core). ## Record-level This category contains terms that are generic in that they might apply to any type of record in a dataset.

type modified language license rightsHolder accessRights bibliographicCitation references institutionID collectionID datasetID institutionCode collectionCode datasetName ownerInstitutionCode basisOfRecord informationWithheld dataGeneralizations dynamicProperties

type Property
Identifier	http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/type
Definition	The nature or genre of the resource.
Comments	Must be populated with a value from the DCMI type vocabulary (http://dublincore.org/documents/2010/10/11/dcmi-type-vocabulary/).
Examples	`StillImage`, `MovingImage`, `Sound`, `PhysicalObject`, `Event`, `Text`

modified Property
Identifier	http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified
Definition	The most recent date-time on which the resource was changed.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a date that conforms to ISO 8601-1:2019.
Examples	`1963-03-08T14:07-0600` (8 Mar 1963 at 2:07pm in the time zone six hours earlier than UTC). `2009-02-20T08:40Z` (20 February 2009 8:40am UTC). `2018-08-29T15:19` (3:19pm local time on 29 August 2018). `1809-02-12` (some time during 12 February 1809). `1906-06` (some time in June 1906). `1971` (some time in the year 1971). `2007-03-01T13:00:00Z/2008-05-11T15:30:00Z` (some time during the interval between 1 March 2007 1pm UTC and 11 May 2008 3:30pm UTC). `1900/1909` (some time during the interval between the beginning of the year 1900 and the end of the year 1909). `2007-11-13/15` (some time in the interval between 13 November 2007 and 15 November 2007).

language Property
Identifier	http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/language
Definition	A language of the resource.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as RFC 5646.
Examples	`en` (for English), `es` (for Spanish)

license Property
Identifier	http://purl.org/dc/terms/license
Definition	A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource.
Comments
Examples	`http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode`, `http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode`

rightsHolder Property
Identifier	http://purl.org/dc/terms/rightsHolder
Definition	A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource.
Comments
Examples	`The Regents of the University of California`

accessRights Property
Identifier	http://purl.org/dc/terms/accessRights
Definition	Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status.
Comments	Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies.
Examples	`not-for-profit use only`, `https://www.fieldmuseum.org/field-museum-natural-history-conditions-and-suggested-norms-use-collections-data-and-images`

bibliographicCitation Property
Identifier	http://purl.org/dc/terms/bibliographicCitation
Definition	A bibliographic reference for the resource as a statement indicating how this record should be cited (attributed) when used.
Comments	From Dublin Core, "Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible." The intended usage of this term in Darwin Core is to provide the preferred way to cite the resource itself - "how to cite this record". Note that the intended usage of dcterms:references in Darwin Core, by contrast, is to point to the definitive source representation of the resource - "where to find the as-close-to-original reference, if one is available.
Examples	Occurrence example: `Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, UC Berkeley. MVZ Mammal Collection (Arctos). Record ID: http://arctos.database.museum/guid/MVZ:Mamm:165861?seid=101356. Source: http://ipt.vertnet.org:8080/ipt/resource.do?r=mvz_mammal.` Taxon example: `https://www.gbif.org/species/2439608 Source: GBIF Taxonomic Backbone`, Event example: `Rand, K.M., Logerwell, E.A. The first demersal trawl survey of benthic fish and invertebrates in the Beaufort Sea since the late 1970s. Polar Biol 34, 475–488 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-010-0900-2`

references Property
Identifier	http://purl.org/dc/terms/references
Definition	A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource.
Comments	From Dublin Core, "This property is intended to be used with non-literal values. This property is an inverse property of Is Referenced By." The intended usage of this term in Darwin Core is to point to the definitive source representation of the resource (e.g.,Taxon, Occurrence, Event in Darwin Core), if one is available. Note that the intended usage of dcterms:bibliographicCitation in Darwin Core, by contrast, is to provide the preferred way to cite the resource itself.
Examples	MaterialSample example: `http://arctos.database.museum/guid/MVZ:Mamm:165861`, Taxon example: `https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/32664`

institutionID Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/institutionID
Definition	An identifier for the institution having custody of the object(s) or information referred to in the record.
Comments	For physical specimens, the recommended best practice is to use an identifier from a collections registry such as the Global Registry of Biodiversity Repositories (http://grbio.org/).
Examples	`http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34777`, `http://grbio.org/cool/km06-gtbn`

collectionID Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/collectionID
Definition	An identifier for the collection or dataset from which the record was derived.
Comments	For physical specimens, the recommended best practice is to use an identifier from a collections registry such as the Global Registry of Biodiversity Repositories (http://grbio.org/).
Examples	`http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:1001`, `http://grbio.org/cool/p5fp-c036`

datasetID Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/datasetID
Definition	An identifier for the set of data. May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to a collection or institution.
Comments
Examples	`b15d4952-7d20-46f1-8a3e-556a512b04c5`

institutionCode Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/institutionCode
Definition	The name (or acronym) in use by the institution having custody of the object(s) or information referred to in the record.
Comments
Examples	`MVZ`, `FMNH`, `CLO`, `UCMP`

collectionCode Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/collectionCode
Definition	The name, acronym, coden, or initialism identifying the collection or data set from which the record was derived.
Comments
Examples	`Mammals`, `Hildebrandt`, `EBIRD`, `VP`

datasetName Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/datasetName
Definition	The name identifying the data set from which the record was derived.
Comments
Examples	`Grinnell Resurvey Mammals`, `Lacey Ctenomys Recaptures`

ownerInstitutionCode Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/ownerInstitutionCode
Definition	The name (or acronym) in use by the institution having ownership of the object(s) or information referred to in the record.
Comments
Examples	`NPS`, `APN`, `InBio`

basisOfRecord Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/basisOfRecord
Definition	The specific nature of the data record.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use the standard label of one of the Darwin Core classes.
Examples	`PreservedSpecimen`, `FossilSpecimen`, `LivingSpecimen`, `MaterialSample`, `Event`, `HumanObservation`, `MachineObservation`, `Taxon`, `Occurrence`, `MaterialCitation`

informationWithheld Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/informationWithheld
Definition	Additional information that exists, but that has not been shared in the given record.
Comments
Examples	`location information not given for endangered species`, `collector identities withheld \| ask about tissue samples`

dataGeneralizations Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/dataGeneralizations
Definition	Actions taken to make the shared data less specific or complete than in its original form. Suggests that alternative data of higher quality may be available on request.
Comments
Examples	`Coordinates generalized from original GPS coordinates to the nearest half degree grid cell`.

dynamicProperties Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/dynamicProperties
Definition	A list of additional measurements, facts, characteristics, or assertions about the record. Meant to provide a mechanism for structured content.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a key:value encoding schema for a data interchange format such as JSON.
Examples	`{"heightInMeters":1.5}`, `{"tragusLengthInMeters":0.014, "weightInGrams":120}`, `{"natureOfID":"expert identification", "identificationEvidence":"cytochrome B sequence"}`, `{"relativeHumidity":28, "airTemperatureInCelsius":22, "sampleSizeInKilograms":10}`, `{"aspectHeading":277, "slopeInDegrees":6}`, `{"iucnStatus":"vulnerable", "taxonDistribution":"Neuquén, Argentina"}`

## Occurrence

Occurrence Class
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/Occurrence
Definition	An existence of an Organism (sensu http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/Organism) at a particular place at a particular time.
Comments
Examples	A wolf pack on the shore of Kluane Lake in 1988. A virus in a plant leaf in the New York Botanical Garden at 15:29 on 2014-10-23. A fungus in Central Park in the summer of 1929.

occurrenceID Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/occurrenceID
Definition	An identifier for the Occurrence (as opposed to a particular digital record of the occurrence). In the absence of a persistent global unique identifier, construct one from a combination of identifiers in the record that will most closely make the occurrenceID globally unique.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a persistent, globally unique identifier.
Examples	`http://arctos.database.museum/guid/MSB:Mamm:233627`, `000866d2-c177-4648-a200-ead4007051b9`, `urn:catalog:UWBM:Bird:89776`

catalogNumber Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/catalogNumber
Definition	An identifier (preferably unique) for the record within the data set or collection.
Comments
Examples	`145732`, `145732a`, `2008.1334`, `R-4313`

recordNumber Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/recordNumber
Definition	An identifier given to the Occurrence at the time it was recorded. Often serves as a link between field notes and an Occurrence record, such as a specimen collector's number.
Comments
Examples	`OPP 7101`

recordedBy Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/recordedBy
Definition	A list (concatenated and separated) of names of people, groups, or organizations responsible for recording the original Occurrence. The primary collector or observer, especially one who applies a personal identifier (recordNumber), should be listed first.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to separate the values in a list with space vertical bar space ( `\|` ).
Examples	`José E. Crespo`. `Oliver P. Pearson \| Anita K. Pearson` (where the value in recordNumber `OPP 7101` corresponds to the collector number for the specimen in the field catalog of Oliver P. Pearson).

recordedByID Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/recordedByID
Definition	A list (concatenated and separated) of the globally unique identifier for the person, people, groups, or organizations responsible for recording the original Occurrence.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to provide a single identifier that disambiguates the details of the identifying agent. If a list is used, it is recommended to separate the values in the list with space vertical bar space ( \| ). The order of the identifiers on any list for this term can not be guaranteed to convey any semantics.
Examples	`https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1825-0097` (for an individual); `https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1825-0097 \| https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1825-0098` (for a list of people).

individualCount Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/individualCount
Definition	The number of individuals present at the time of the Occurrence.
Comments
Examples	`0`, `1`, `25`

organismQuantity Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/organismQuantity
Definition	A number or enumeration value for the quantity of organisms.
Comments	An organismQuantity must have a corresponding organismQuantityType.
Examples	`27` (organismQuantity) with `individuals` (organismQuantityType). `12.5` (organismQuantity) with `% biomass` (organismQuantityType). `r` (organismQuantity) with `Braun Blanquet Scale` (organismQuantityType). `many` (organismQuantity) with `individuals` (organismQuantityType).

organismQuantityType Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/organismQuantityType
Definition	The type of quantification system used for the quantity of organisms.
Comments	A dwc:organismQuantityType must have a corresponding dwc:organismQuantity.
Examples	`27` (organismQuantity) with `individuals` (organismQuantityType). `12.5` (organismQuantity) with `%biomass` (organismQuantityType). `r` (organismQuantity) with `BraunBlanquetScale` (organismQuantityType).

sex Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/sex
Definition	The sex of the biological individual(s) represented in the Occurrence.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary.
Examples	`female`, `male`, `hermaphrodite`

lifeStage Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/lifeStage
Definition	The age class or life stage of the Organism(s) at the time the Occurrence was recorded.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary.
Examples	`zygote`, `larva`, `juvenile`, `adult`, `seedling`, `flowering`, `fruiting`

reproductiveCondition Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/reproductiveCondition
Definition	The reproductive condition of the biological individual(s) represented in the Occurrence.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary.
Examples	`non-reproductive`, `pregnant`, `in bloom`, `fruit-bearing`

behavior Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/behavior
Definition	The behavior shown by the subject at the time the Occurrence was recorded.
Comments
Examples	`roosting`, `foraging`, `running`

establishmentMeans Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/establishmentMeans
Definition	Statement about whether an organism or organisms have been introduced to a given place and time through the direct or indirect activity of modern humans.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use controlled value strings from the controlled vocabulary designated for use with this term, listed at http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/doc/em/. For details, refer to https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.3.38084
Examples	`native`, `nativeReintroduced`, `introduced`, `introducedAssistedColonisation`, `vagrant`, `uncertain`

degreeOfEstablishment Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/degreeOfEstablishment
Definition	The degree to which an Organism survives, reproduces, and expands its range at the given place and time.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use controlled value strings from the controlled vocabulary designated for use with this term, listed at http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/doc/doe/. For details, refer to https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.3.38084
Examples	`native`, `captive`, `cultivated`, `released`, `failing`, `casual`, `reproducing`, `established`, `colonising`, `invasive`, `widespreadInvasive`

pathway Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/pathway
Definition	The process by which an Organism came to be in a given place at a given time.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use controlled value strings from the controlled vocabulary designated for use with this term, listed at http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/doc/pw/. For details, refer to https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.3.38084
Examples	`releasedForUse`, `otherEscape`, `transportContaminant`, `transportStowaway`, `corridor`, `unaided`

georeferenceVerificationStatus Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/georeferenceVerificationStatus
Definition	A categorical description of the extent to which the georeference has been verified to represent the best possible spatial description for the Location of the Occurrence.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary.
Examples	`unable to georeference`, `requires georeference`, `requires verification`, `verified by data custodian`, `verified by contributor`

occurrenceStatus Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/occurrenceStatus
Definition	A statement about the presence or absence of a Taxon at a Location.
Comments	For Occurrences, the default vocabulary is recommended to consist of "present" and "absent", but can be extended by implementers with good justification.
Examples	`present`, `absent`

preparations Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/preparations
Definition	A list (concatenated and separated) of preparations and preservation methods for a specimen.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to separate the values in a list with space vertical bar space ( `\|` ).
Examples	`fossil`, `cast`, `photograph`, `DNA extract`, `skin \| skull \| skeleton`, `whole animal (ETOH) \| tissue (EDTA)`

disposition Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/disposition
Definition	The current state of a specimen with respect to the collection identified in collectionCode or collectionID.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary.
Examples	`in collection`, `missing`, `voucher elsewhere`, `duplicates elsewhere`

associatedMedia Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/associatedMedia
Definition	A list (concatenated and separated) of identifiers (publication, global unique identifier, URI) of media associated with the Occurrence.
Comments
Examples	`https://arctos.database.museum/media/10520962 \| https://arctos.database.museum/media/10520964`

associatedOccurrences Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/associatedOccurrences
Definition	A list (concatenated and separated) of identifiers of other Occurrence records and their associations to this Occurrence.
Comments	This term can be used to provide a list of associations to other Occurrences. Note that the ResourceRelationship class is an alternative means of representing associations, and with more detail. Recommended best practice is to separate the values in a list with space vertical bar space ( \| ).
Examples	`"parasite collected from":"https://arctos.database.museum/guid/MSB:Mamm:215895?seid=950760"`, `"encounter previous to":"http://arctos.database.museum/guid/MSB:Mamm:292063?seid=3175067" \| "encounter previous to":"http://arctos.database.museum/guid/MSB:Mamm:292063?seid=3177393" \| "encounter previous to":"http://arctos.database.museum/guid/MSB:Mamm:292063?seid=3177394" \| "encounter previous to":"http://arctos.database.museum/guid/MSB:Mamm:292063?seid=3177392" \| "encounter previous to":"http://arctos.database.museum/guid/MSB:Mamm:292063?seid=3609139"`

associatedReferences Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/associatedReferences
Definition	A list (concatenated and separated) of identifiers (publication, bibliographic reference, global unique identifier, URI) of literature associated with the Occurrence.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to separate the values in a list with space vertical bar space ( \| ). Note that the ResourceRelationship class is an alternative means of representing associations, and with more detail. Note also that the intended usage of the term dcterms:references in Darwin Core when applied to an Occurrence is to point to the definitive source representation of that Occurrence if one is available. Note also that the intended usage of dcterms:bibliographicCitation in Darwin Core when applied to an Occurrence is to provide the preferred way to cite the Occurrence itself.
Examples	`http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/322/5899/261`, `Christopher J. Conroy, Jennifer L. Neuwald. 2008. Phylogeographic study of the California vole, Microtus californicus Journal of Mammalogy, 89(3):755-767.`, `Steven R. Hoofer and Ronald A. Van Den Bussche. 2001. Phylogenetic Relationships of Plecotine Bats and Allies Based on Mitochondrial Ribosomal Sequences. Journal of Mammalogy 82(1):131-137. \| Walker, Faith M., Jeffrey T. Foster, Kevin P. Drees, Carol L. Chambers. 2014. Spotted bat (Euderma maculatum) microsatellite discovery using illumina sequencing. Conservation Genetics Resources.`

associatedSequences Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/associatedSequences
Definition	A list (concatenated and separated) of identifiers (publication, global unique identifier, URI) of genetic sequence information associated with the Occurrence.
Comments
Examples	`http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/U34853.1`, `http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/GU328060 \| http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/AF326093`

associatedTaxa Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/associatedTaxa
Definition	A list (concatenated and separated) of identifiers or names of taxa and the associations of this Occurrence to each of them.
Comments	This term can be used to provide a list of associations to Taxa other than the one defined in the Occurrence. Note that the ResourceRelationship class is an alternative means of representing associations, and with more detail. This term is not apt for establishing relationships between Taxa, only between specific Occurrences of an Organism with other Taxa. Recommended best practice is to separate the values in a list with space vertical bar space ( \| ).
Examples	`"host":"Quercus alba"`, `"host":"gbif.org/species/2879737"`,`"parasitoid of":"Cyclocephala signaticollis" \| "predator of":"Apis mellifera"`

otherCatalogNumbers Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/otherCatalogNumbers
Definition	A list (concatenated and separated) of previous or alternate fully qualified catalog numbers or other human-used identifiers for the same Occurrence, whether in the current or any other data set or collection.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to separate the values in a list with space vertical bar space ( `\|` ).
Examples	`FMNH:Mammal:1234`, `NPS YELLO6778 \| MBG 33424`

occurrenceRemarks Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/occurrenceRemarks
Definition	Comments or notes about the Occurrence.
Comments
Examples	`found dead on road`

## Organism

organismID organismName organismScope associatedOrganisms previousIdentifications organismRemarks

Organism Class
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/Organism
Definition	A particular organism or defined group of organisms considered to be taxonomically homogeneous.
Comments	Instances of the dwc:Organism class are intended to facilitate linking one or more dwc:Identification instances to one or more dwc:Occurrence instances. Therefore, things that are typically assigned scientific names (such as viruses, hybrids, and lichens) and aggregates whose occurrences are typically recorded (such as packs, clones, and colonies) are included in the scope of this class.
Examples	A specific bird. A specific wolf pack. A specific instance of a bacterial culture.

organismID Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/organismID
Definition	An identifier for the Organism instance (as opposed to a particular digital record of the Organism). May be a globally unique identifier or an identifier specific to the data set.
Comments
Examples	`http://arctos.database.museum/guid/WNMU:Mamm:1249`

organismName Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/organismName
Definition	A textual name or label assigned to an Organism instance.
Comments
Examples	`Huberta`, `Boab Prison Tree`, `J pod`

organismScope Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/organismScope
Definition	A description of the kind of Organism instance. Can be used to indicate whether the Organism instance represents a discrete organism or if it represents a particular type of aggregation.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary. This term is not intended to be used to specify a type of taxon. To describe the kind of dwc:Organism using a URI object in RDF, use rdf:type (http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type) instead.
Examples	`multicellular organism`, `virus`, `clone`, `pack`, `colony`

associatedOrganisms Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/associatedOrganisms
Definition	A list (concatenated and separated) of identifiers of other Organisms and the associations of this Organism to each of them.
Comments	This term can be used to provide a list of associations to other Organisms. Note that the ResourceRelationship class is an alternative means of representing associations, and with more detail. Recommended best practice is to separate the values in a list with space vertical bar space ( \| ).
Examples	`"sibling of":"http://arctos.database.museum/guid/DMNS:Mamm:14171"`, `"parent of":"http://arctos.database.museum/guid/MSB:Mamm:196208" \| "parent of":"http://arctos.database.museum/guid/MSB:Mamm:196523" \| "sibling of":"http://arctos.database.museum/guid/MSB:Mamm:142638"`

previousIdentifications Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/previousIdentifications
Definition	A list (concatenated and separated) of previous assignments of names to the Organism.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to separate the values in a list with space vertical bar space ( `\|` ).
Examples	`Chalepidae`, `Pinus abies`, `Anthus sp., field ID by G. Iglesias \| Anthus correndera, expert ID by C. Cicero 2009-02-12 based on morphology`

organismRemarks Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/organismRemarks
Definition	Comments or notes about the Organism instance.
Comments
Examples	`One of a litter of six`

## MaterialSample

materialSampleID

MaterialSample Class
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/MaterialSample
Definition	A physical result of a sampling (or subsampling) event. In biological collections, the material sample is typically collected, and either preserved or destructively processed.
Comments
Examples	A whole organism preserved in a collection. A part of an organism isolated for some purpose. A soil sample. A marine microbial sample.

materialSampleID Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/materialSampleID
Definition	An identifier for the MaterialSample (as opposed to a particular digital record of the material sample). In the absence of a persistent global unique identifier, construct one from a combination of identifiers in the record that will most closely make the materialSampleID globally unique.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a persistent, globally unique identifier.
Examples	`06809dc5-f143-459a-be1a-6f03e63fc083`

## Event

eventID parentEventID fieldNumber eventDate eventTime startDayOfYear endDayOfYear year month day verbatimEventDate habitat samplingProtocol sampleSizeValue sampleSizeUnit samplingEffort fieldNotes eventRemarks

Event Class
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/Event
Definition	An action that occurs at some location during some time.
Comments
Examples	A specimen collection process. A camera trap image capture. A marine trawl.

eventID Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/eventID
Definition	An identifier for the set of information associated with an Event (something that occurs at a place and time). May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to the data set.
Comments
Examples	`INBO:VIS:Ev:00009375`

parentEventID Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/parentEventID
Definition	An identifier for the broader Event that groups this and potentially other Events.
Comments	Use a globally unique identifier for a dwc:Event or an identifier for a dwc:Event that is specific to the data set.
Examples	`A1` (parentEventID to identify the main Whittaker Plot in nested samples, each with its own eventID - `A1:1`, `A1:2`).

fieldNumber Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/fieldNumber
Definition	An identifier given to the event in the field. Often serves as a link between field notes and the Event.
Comments
Examples	`RV Sol 87-03-08`

eventDate Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/eventDate
Definition	The date-time or interval during which an Event occurred. For occurrences, this is the date-time when the event was recorded. Not suitable for a time in a geological context.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a date that conforms to ISO 8601-1:2019.
Examples	`1963-03-08T14:07-0600` (8 Mar 1963 at 2:07pm in the time zone six hours earlier than UTC). `2009-02-20T08:40Z` (20 February 2009 8:40am UTC). `2018-08-29T15:19` (3:19pm local time on 29 August 2018). `1809-02-12` (some time during 12 February 1809). `1906-06` (some time in June 1906). `1971` (some time in the year 1971). `2007-03-01T13:00:00Z/2008-05-11T15:30:00Z` (some time during the interval between 1 March 2007 1pm UTC and 11 May 2008 3:30pm UTC). `1900/1909` (some time during the interval between the beginning of the year 1900 and the end of the year 1909). `2007-11-13/15` (some time in the interval between 13 November 2007 and 15 November 2007).

eventTime Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/eventTime
Definition	The time or interval during which an Event occurred.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a date that conforms to ISO 8601-1:2019.
Examples	`14:07-0600` (2:07pm in the time zone six hours earlier than UTC). `08:40:21Z` (8:40:21am UTC). `13:00:00Z/15:30:00Z` (the interval between 1pm UTC and 3:30pm UTC).

startDayOfYear Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/startDayOfYear
Definition	The earliest integer day of the year on which the Event occurred (1 for January 1, 365 for December 31, except in a leap year, in which case it is 366).
Comments
Examples	`1` (1 January). `366` (31 December), `365` (30 December in a leap year, 31 December in a non-leap year).

endDayOfYear Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/endDayOfYear
Definition	The latest integer day of the year on which the Event occurred (1 for January 1, 365 for December 31, except in a leap year, in which case it is 366).
Comments
Examples	`1` (1 January). `32` (1 February). `366` (31 December). `365` (30 December in a leap year, 31 December in a non-leap year).

year Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/year
Definition	The four-digit year in which the Event occurred, according to the Common Era Calendar.
Comments
Examples	`1160`, `2008`

month Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/month
Definition	The integer month in which the Event occurred.
Comments
Examples	`1` (January). `10` (October).

day Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/day
Definition	The integer day of the month on which the Event occurred.
Comments
Examples	`9`, `28`

verbatimEventDate Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/verbatimEventDate
Definition	The verbatim original representation of the date and time information for an Event.
Comments
Examples	`spring 1910`, `Marzo 2002`, `1999-03-XX`, `17IV1934`

habitat Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/habitat
Definition	A category or description of the habitat in which the Event occurred.
Comments
Examples	`oak savanna`, `pre-cordilleran steppe`

samplingProtocol Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/samplingProtocol
Definition	The names of, references to, or descriptions of the methods or protocols used during an Event.
Comments	Recommended best practice is describe an Event with no more than one sampling protocol. In the case of a summary Event with multiple protocols, in which a specific protocol can not be attributed to specific Occurrences, the recommended best practice is to separate the values in a list with space vertical bar space ( \| ).
Examples	`UV light trap`, `mist net`, `bottom trawl`, `ad hoc observation \| point count`, `Penguins from space: faecal stains reveal the location of emperor penguin colonies, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00467.x`, `Takats et al. 2001. Guidelines for Nocturnal Owl Monitoring in North America. Beaverhill Bird Observatory and Bird Studies Canada, Edmonton, Alberta. 32 pp., http://www.bsc-eoc.org/download/Owl.pdf`

sampleSizeValue Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/sampleSizeValue
Definition	A numeric value for a measurement of the size (time duration, length, area, or volume) of a sample in a sampling event.
Comments	A sampleSizeValue must have a corresponding sampleSizeUnit.
Examples	`5` for sampleSizeValue with `metre` for sampleSizeUnit.

sampleSizeUnit Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/sampleSizeUnit
Definition	The unit of measurement of the size (time duration, length, area, or volume) of a sample in a sampling event.
Comments	A sampleSizeUnit must have a corresponding sampleSizeValue, e.g., `5` for sampleSizeValue with `metre` for sampleSizeUnit.
Examples	`minute`, `hour`, `day`, `metre`, `square metre`, `cubic metre`

samplingEffort Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/samplingEffort
Definition	The amount of effort expended during an Event.
Comments
Examples	`40 trap-nights`, `10 observer-hours`, `10 km by foot`, `30 km by car`

fieldNotes Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/fieldNotes
Definition	One of a) an indicator of the existence of, b) a reference to (publication, URI), or c) the text of notes taken in the field about the Event.
Comments
Examples	`Notes available in the Grinnell-Miller Library.`

eventRemarks Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/eventRemarks
Definition	Comments or notes about the Event.
Comments
Examples	`After the recent rains the river is nearly at flood stage.`

## Location

locationID higherGeographyID higherGeography continent waterBody islandGroup island country countryCode stateProvince county municipality locality verbatimLocality minimumElevationInMeters maximumElevationInMeters verbatimElevation verticalDatum minimumDepthInMeters maximumDepthInMeters verbatimDepth minimumDistanceAboveSurfaceInMeters maximumDistanceAboveSurfaceInMeters locationAccordingTo locationRemarks decimalLatitude decimalLongitude geodeticDatum coordinateUncertaintyInMeters coordinatePrecision pointRadiusSpatialFit verbatimCoordinates verbatimLatitude verbatimLongitude verbatimCoordinateSystem verbatimSRS footprintWKT footprintSRS footprintSpatialFit georeferencedBy georeferencedDate georeferenceProtocol georeferenceSources georeferenceRemarks

Location Class
Identifier	http://purl.org/dc/terms/Location
Definition	A spatial region or named place.
Comments
Examples	The municipality of San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina. The place defined by a georeference.

locationID Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/locationID
Definition	An identifier for the set of location information (data associated with dcterms:Location). May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to the data set.
Comments
Examples	`https://opencontext.org/subjects/768A875F-E205-4D0B-DE55-BAB7598D0FD1`

higherGeographyID Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/higherGeographyID
Definition	An identifier for the geographic region within which the Location occurred.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a persistent identifier from a controlled vocabulary such as the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names.
Examples	`http://vocab.getty.edu/tgn/1002002` (Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur, Territorio Nacional de la Tierra del Fuego, Argentina).

higherGeography Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/higherGeography
Definition	A list (concatenated and separated) of geographic names less specific than the information captured in the locality term.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to separate the values in a list with space vertical bar space ( `\|` ), with terms in order from least specific to most specific.
Examples	`North Atlantic Ocean`. `South America \| Argentina \| Patagonia \| Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi \| Neuquén \| Los Lagos` (with accompanying values `South America` in continent, `Argentina` in country, `Neuquén` in stateProvince, and `Los Lagos` in county.

continent Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/continent
Definition	The name of the continent in which the Location occurs.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names.
Examples	`Africa`, `Antarctica`, `Asia`, `Europe`, `North America`, `Oceania`, `South America`

waterBody Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/waterBody
Definition	The name of the water body in which the Location occurs.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names.
Examples	`Indian Ocean`, `Baltic Sea`, `Hudson River`, `Lago Nahuel Huapi`

islandGroup Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/islandGroup
Definition	The name of the island group in which the Location occurs.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names.
Examples	`Alexander Archipelago`, `Archipiélago Diego Ramírez`, `Seychelles`

island Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/island
Definition	The name of the island on or near which the Location occurs.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names.
Examples	`Nosy Be`, `Bikini Atoll`, `Vancouver`, `Viti Levu`, `Zanzibar`

country Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/country
Definition	The name of the country or major administrative unit in which the Location occurs.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names. Recommended best practice is to leave this field blank if the Location spans multiple entities at this administrative level or if the Location might be in one or another of multiple possible entities at this level. Multiplicity and uncertainty of the geographic entity can be captured either in the term higherGeography or in the term locality, or both.
Examples	`Denmark`, `Colombia`, `España`

countryCode Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/countryCode
Definition	The standard code for the country in which the Location occurs.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use an ISO 3166-1-alpha-2 country code.
Examples	`AR`, `SV`

stateProvince Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/stateProvince
Definition	The name of the next smaller administrative region than country (state, province, canton, department, region, etc.) in which the Location occurs.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names.
Examples	`Montana`, `Minas Gerais`, `Córdoba`

county Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/county
Definition	The full, unabbreviated name of the next smaller administrative region than stateProvince (county, shire, department, etc.) in which the Location occurs.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names.
Examples	`Missoula`, `Los Lagos`, `Mataró`

municipality Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/municipality
Definition	The full, unabbreviated name of the next smaller administrative region than county (city, municipality, etc.) in which the Location occurs. Do not use this term for a nearby named place that does not contain the actual location.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names.
Examples	`Holzminden`, `Araçatuba`, `Ga-Segonyana`

locality Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/locality
Definition	The specific description of the place.
Comments	Less specific geographic information can be provided in other geographic terms (higherGeography, continent, country, stateProvince, county, municipality, waterBody, island, islandGroup). This term may contain information modified from the original to correct perceived errors or standardize the description.
Examples	`Bariloche, 25 km NNE via Ruta Nacional 40 (=Ruta 237)`, `Queets Rainforest, Olympic National Park`

verbatimLocality Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/verbatimLocality
Definition	The original textual description of the place.
Comments
Examples	`25 km NNE Bariloche por R. Nac. 237`

minimumElevationInMeters Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/minimumElevationInMeters
Definition	The lower limit of the range of elevation (altitude, usually above sea level), in meters.
Comments
Examples	`-100`, `802`

maximumElevationInMeters Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/maximumElevationInMeters
Definition	The upper limit of the range of elevation (altitude, usually above sea level), in meters.
Comments
Examples	`-205`, `1236`

verbatimElevation Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/verbatimElevation
Definition	The original description of the elevation (altitude, usually above sea level) of the Location.
Comments
Examples	`100-200 m`

verticalDatum Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/verticalDatum
Definition	The vertical datum used as the reference upon which the values in the elevation terms are based.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary.
Examples	`EGM84`, `EGM96`, `EGM2008`, `PGM2000A`, `PGM2004`, `PGM2006`, `PGM2007`, `epsg:7030`, `unknown`

minimumDepthInMeters Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/minimumDepthInMeters
Definition	The lesser depth of a range of depth below the local surface, in meters.
Comments
Examples	`0`, `100`

maximumDepthInMeters Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/maximumDepthInMeters
Definition	The greater depth of a range of depth below the local surface, in meters.
Comments
Examples	`0`, `200`

verbatimDepth Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/verbatimDepth
Definition	The original description of the depth below the local surface.
Comments
Examples	`100-200 m`

minimumDistanceAboveSurfaceInMeters Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/minimumDistanceAboveSurfaceInMeters
Definition	The lesser distance in a range of distance from a reference surface in the vertical direction, in meters. Use positive values for locations above the surface, negative values for locations below. If depth measures are given, the reference surface is the location given by the depth, otherwise the reference surface is the location given by the elevation.
Comments
Examples	`-1.5` (below the surface). `4.2` (above the surface). For a 1.5 meter sediment core from the bottom of a lake (at depth 20m) at 300m elevation: verbatimElevation: `300m` minimumElevationInMeters: `300`, maximumElevationInMeters: `300`, verbatimDepth: `20m`, minimumDepthInMeters: `20`, maximumDepthInMeters: `20`, minimumDistanceAboveSurfaceInMeters: `0`, maximumDistanceAboveSurfaceInMeters: `-1.5`.

maximumDistanceAboveSurfaceInMeters Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/maximumDistanceAboveSurfaceInMeters
Definition	The greater distance in a range of distance from a reference surface in the vertical direction, in meters. Use positive values for locations above the surface, negative values for locations below. If depth measures are given, the reference surface is the location given by the depth, otherwise the reference surface is the location given by the elevation.
Comments
Examples	`-1.5` (below the surface). `4.2` (above the surface). For a 1.5 meter sediment core from the bottom of a lake (at depth 20m) at 300m elevation: verbatimElevation: `300m` minimumElevationInMeters: `300`, maximumElevationInMeters: `300`, verbatimDepth: `20m`, minimumDepthInMeters: `20`, maximumDepthInMeters: `20`, minimumDistanceAboveSurfaceInMeters: `0`, maximumDistanceAboveSurfaceInMeters: `-1.5`.

locationAccordingTo Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/locationAccordingTo
Definition	Information about the source of this Location information. Could be a publication (gazetteer), institution, or team of individuals.
Comments
Examples	`Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names`, `GADM`

locationRemarks Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/locationRemarks
Definition	Comments or notes about the Location.
Comments
Examples	`under water since 2005`

decimalLatitude Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/decimalLatitude
Definition	The geographic latitude (in decimal degrees, using the spatial reference system given in geodeticDatum) of the geographic center of a Location. Positive values are north of the Equator, negative values are south of it. Legal values lie between -90 and 90, inclusive.
Comments
Examples	`-41.0983423`

decimalLongitude Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/decimalLongitude
Definition	The geographic longitude (in decimal degrees, using the spatial reference system given in geodeticDatum) of the geographic center of a Location. Positive values are east of the Greenwich Meridian, negative values are west of it. Legal values lie between -180 and 180, inclusive.
Comments
Examples	`-121.1761111`

geodeticDatum Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/geodeticDatum
Definition	The ellipsoid, geodetic datum, or spatial reference system (SRS) upon which the geographic coordinates given in decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude as based.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use the EPSG code of the SRS, if known. Otherwise use a controlled vocabulary for the name or code of the geodetic datum, if known. Otherwise use a controlled vocabulary for the name or code of the ellipsoid, if known. If none of these is known, use the value `unknown`.
Examples	`EPSG:4326`, `WGS84`, `NAD27`, `Campo Inchauspe`, `European 1950`, `Clarke 1866`, `unknown`

coordinateUncertaintyInMeters Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/coordinateUncertaintyInMeters
Definition	The horizontal distance (in meters) from the given decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude describing the smallest circle containing the whole of the Location. Leave the value empty if the uncertainty is unknown, cannot be estimated, or is not applicable (because there are no coordinates). Zero is not a valid value for this term.
Comments
Examples	`30` (reasonable lower limit on or after 2020-05-01 of a GPS reading under good conditions if the actual precision was not recorded at the time). `100` (reasonable lower limit before 2020-05-01 of a GPS reading under good conditions if the actual precision was not recorded at the time). `71` (uncertainty for a UTM coordinate having 100 meter precision and a known spatial reference system).

coordinatePrecision Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/coordinatePrecision
Definition	A decimal representation of the precision of the coordinates given in the decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude.
Comments
Examples	`0.00001` (normal GPS limit for decimal degrees). `0.000278` (nearest second). `0.01667` (nearest minute). `1.0` (nearest degree).

pointRadiusSpatialFit Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/pointRadiusSpatialFit
Definition	The ratio of the area of the point-radius (decimalLatitude, decimalLongitude, coordinateUncertaintyInMeters) to the area of the true (original, or most specific) spatial representation of the Location. Legal values are 0, greater than or equal to 1, or undefined. A value of 1 is an exact match or 100% overlap. A value of 0 should be used if the given point-radius does not completely contain the original representation. The pointRadiusSpatialFit is undefined (and should be left empty) if the original representation is a point without uncertainty and the given georeference is not that same point (without uncertainty). If both the original and the given georeference are the same point, the pointRadiusSpatialFit is 1.
Comments	Detailed explanations with graphical examples can be found in the Georeferencing Best Practices, Chapman and Wieczorek, 2020 (https://doi.org/10.15468/doc-gg7h-s853).
Examples	`0`, `1`, `1.5708`

verbatimCoordinates Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/verbatimCoordinates
Definition	The verbatim original spatial coordinates of the Location. The coordinate ellipsoid, geodeticDatum, or full Spatial Reference System (SRS) for these coordinates should be stored in verbatimSRS and the coordinate system should be stored in verbatimCoordinateSystem.
Comments
Examples	`41 05 54S 121 05 34W`, `17T 630000 4833400`

verbatimLatitude Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/verbatimLatitude
Definition	The verbatim original latitude of the Location. The coordinate ellipsoid, geodeticDatum, or full Spatial Reference System (SRS) for these coordinates should be stored in verbatimSRS and the coordinate system should be stored in verbatimCoordinateSystem.
Comments
Examples	`41 05 54.03S`

verbatimLongitude Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/verbatimLongitude
Definition	The verbatim original longitude of the Location. The coordinate ellipsoid, geodeticDatum, or full Spatial Reference System (SRS) for these coordinates should be stored in verbatimSRS and the coordinate system should be stored in verbatimCoordinateSystem.
Comments
Examples	`121d 10' 34" W`

verbatimCoordinateSystem Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/verbatimCoordinateSystem
Definition	The coordinate format for the verbatimLatitude and verbatimLongitude or the verbatimCoordinates of the Location.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary.
Examples	`decimal degrees`, `degrees decimal minutes`, `degrees minutes seconds`, `UTM`

verbatimSRS Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/verbatimSRS
Definition	The ellipsoid, geodetic datum, or spatial reference system (SRS) upon which coordinates given in verbatimLatitude and verbatimLongitude, or verbatimCoordinates are based.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use the EPSG code of the SRS, if known. Otherwise use a controlled vocabulary for the name or code of the geodetic datum, if known. Otherwise use a controlled vocabulary for the name or code of the ellipsoid, if known. If none of these is known, use the value `unknown`.
Examples	`unknown`, `EPSG:4326`, `WGS84`, `NAD27`, `Campo Inchauspe`, `European 1950`, `Clarke 1866`

footprintWKT Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/footprintWKT
Definition	A Well-Known Text (WKT) representation of the shape (footprint, geometry) that defines the Location. A Location may have both a point-radius representation (see decimalLatitude) and a footprint representation, and they may differ from each other.
Comments
Examples	`POLYGON ((10 20, 11 20, 11 21, 10 21, 10 20))` (the one-degree bounding box with opposite corners at longitude=10, latitude=20 and longitude=11, latitude=21)

footprintSRS Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/footprintSRS
Definition	The ellipsoid, geodetic datum, or spatial reference system (SRS) upon which the geometry given in footprintWKT is based.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use the EPSG code of the SRS, if known. Otherwise use a controlled vocabulary for the name or code of the geodetic datum, if known. Otherwise use a controlled vocabulary for the name or code of the ellipsoid, if known. If none of these is known, use the value `unknown`. It is also permitted to provide the SRS in Well-Known-Text, especially if no EPSG code provides the necessary values for the attributes of the SRS. Do not use this term to describe the SRS of the decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude, nor of any verbatim coordinates - use the geodeticDatum and verbatimSRS instead.
Examples	`epsg:4326`, `GEOGCS["GCS_WGS_1984", DATUM["D_WGS_1984", SPHEROID["WGS_1984",6378137,298.257223563]], PRIMEM["Greenwich",0], UNIT["Degree",0.0174532925199433]]` (WKT for the standard WGS84 Spatial Reference System EPSG:4326)

footprintSpatialFit Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/footprintSpatialFit
Definition	The ratio of the area of the footprint (footprintWKT) to the area of the true (original, or most specific) spatial representation of the Location. Legal values are 0, greater than or equal to 1, or undefined. A value of 1 is an exact match or 100% overlap. A value of 0 should be used if the given footprint does not completely contain the original representation. The footprintSpatialFit is undefined (and should be left empty) if the original representation is a point without uncertainty and the given georeference is not that same point (without uncertainty). If both the original and the given georeference are the same point, the footprintSpatialFit is 1.
Comments	Detailed explanations with graphical examples can be found in the Georeferencing Best Practices, Chapman and Wieczorek, 2020 (https://doi.org/10.15468/doc-gg7h-s853).
Examples	`0`, `1`, `1.5708`

georeferencedBy Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/georeferencedBy
Definition	A list (concatenated and separated) of names of people, groups, or organizations who determined the georeference (spatial representation) for the Location.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to separate the values in a list with space vertical bar space ( `\|` ).
Examples	`Brad Millen (ROM)`, `Kristina Yamamoto \| Janet Fang`

georeferencedDate Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/georeferencedDate
Definition	The date on which the Location was georeferenced.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a date that conforms to ISO 8601-1:2019.
Examples	`1963-03-08T14:07-0600` (8 Mar 1963 at 2:07pm in the time zone six hours earlier than UTC). `2009-02-20T08:40Z` (20 February 2009 8:40am UTC). `2018-08-29T15:19` (3:19pm local time on 29 August 2018). `1809-02-12` (some time during 12 February 1809). `1906-06` (some time in June 1906). `1971` (some time in the year 1971). `2007-03-01T13:00:00Z/2008-05-11T15:30:00Z` (some time during the interval between 1 March 2007 1pm UTC and 11 May 2008 3:30pm UTC). `1900/1909` (some time during the interval between the beginning of the year 1900 and the end of the year 1909). `2007-11-13/15` (some time in the interval between 13 November 2007 and 15 November 2007).

georeferenceProtocol Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/georeferenceProtocol
Definition	A description or reference to the methods used to determine the spatial footprint, coordinates, and uncertainties.
Comments
Examples	`Georeferencing Quick Reference Guide (Zermoglio et al. 2020, https://doi.org/10.35035/e09p-h128)`

georeferenceSources Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/georeferenceSources
Definition	A list (concatenated and separated) of maps, gazetteers, or other resources used to georeference the Location, described specifically enough to allow anyone in the future to use the same resources.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to separate the values in a list with space vertical bar space ( `\|` ).
Examples	`https://www.geonames.org/`, `USGS 1:24000 Florence Montana Quad 1967 \| Terrametrics 2008 on Google Earth`, `GeoLocate`

georeferenceRemarks Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/georeferenceRemarks
Definition	Notes or comments about the spatial description determination, explaining assumptions made in addition or opposition to the those formalized in the method referred to in georeferenceProtocol.
Comments
Examples	`Assumed distance by road (Hwy. 101)`.

## GeologicalContext

geologicalContextID earliestEonOrLowestEonothem latestEonOrHighestEonothem earliestEraOrLowestErathem latestEraOrHighestErathem earliestPeriodOrLowestSystem latestPeriodOrHighestSystem earliestEpochOrLowestSeries latestEpochOrHighestSeries earliestAgeOrLowestStage latestAgeOrHighestStage lowestBiostratigraphicZone highestBiostratigraphicZone lithostratigraphicTerms group formation member bed

GeologicalContext Class
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/GeologicalContext
Definition	Geological information, such as stratigraphy, that qualifies a region or place.
Comments
Examples	A lithostratigraphic layer.

geologicalContextID Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/geologicalContextID
Definition	An identifier for the set of information associated with a GeologicalContext (the location within a geological context, such as stratigraphy). May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to the data set.
Comments
Examples	`https://opencontext.org/subjects/e54377f7-4452-4315-b676-40679b10c4d9`

earliestEonOrLowestEonothem Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/earliestEonOrLowestEonothem
Definition	The full name of the earliest possible geochronologic eon or lowest chrono-stratigraphic eonothem or the informal name ("Precambrian") attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the cataloged item was collected.
Comments
Examples	`Phanerozoic`, `Proterozoic`

latestEonOrHighestEonothem Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/latestEonOrHighestEonothem
Definition	The full name of the latest possible geochronologic eon or highest chrono-stratigraphic eonothem or the informal name ("Precambrian") attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the cataloged item was collected.
Comments
Examples	`Phanerozoic`, `Proterozoic`

earliestEraOrLowestErathem Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/earliestEraOrLowestErathem
Definition	The full name of the earliest possible geochronologic era or lowest chronostratigraphic erathem attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the cataloged item was collected.
Comments
Examples	`Cenozoic`, `Mesozoic`

latestEraOrHighestErathem Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/latestEraOrHighestErathem
Definition	The full name of the latest possible geochronologic era or highest chronostratigraphic erathem attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the cataloged item was collected.
Comments
Examples	`Cenozoic`, `Mesozoic`

earliestPeriodOrLowestSystem Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/earliestPeriodOrLowestSystem
Definition	The full name of the earliest possible geochronologic period or lowest chronostratigraphic system attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the cataloged item was collected.
Comments
Examples	`Neogene`, `Tertiary`, `Quaternary`

latestPeriodOrHighestSystem Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/latestPeriodOrHighestSystem
Definition	The full name of the latest possible geochronologic period or highest chronostratigraphic system attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the cataloged item was collected.
Comments
Examples	`Neogene`, `Tertiary`, `Quaternary`

earliestEpochOrLowestSeries Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/earliestEpochOrLowestSeries
Definition	The full name of the earliest possible geochronologic epoch or lowest chronostratigraphic series attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the cataloged item was collected.
Comments
Examples	`Holocene`, `Pleistocene`, `Ibexian Series`

latestEpochOrHighestSeries Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/latestEpochOrHighestSeries
Definition	The full name of the latest possible geochronologic epoch or highest chronostratigraphic series attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the cataloged item was collected.
Comments
Examples	`Holocene`, `Pleistocene`, `Ibexian Series`

earliestAgeOrLowestStage Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/earliestAgeOrLowestStage
Definition	The full name of the earliest possible geochronologic age or lowest chronostratigraphic stage attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the cataloged item was collected.
Comments
Examples	`Atlantic`, `Boreal`, `Skullrockian`

latestAgeOrHighestStage Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/latestAgeOrHighestStage
Definition	The full name of the latest possible geochronologic age or highest chronostratigraphic stage attributable to the stratigraphic horizon from which the cataloged item was collected.
Comments
Examples	`Atlantic`, `Boreal`, `Skullrockian`

lowestBiostratigraphicZone Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/lowestBiostratigraphicZone
Definition	The full name of the lowest possible geological biostratigraphic zone of the stratigraphic horizon from which the cataloged item was collected.
Comments
Examples	`Maastrichtian`

highestBiostratigraphicZone Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/highestBiostratigraphicZone
Definition	The full name of the highest possible geological biostratigraphic zone of the stratigraphic horizon from which the cataloged item was collected.
Comments
Examples	`Blancan`

lithostratigraphicTerms Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/lithostratigraphicTerms
Definition	The combination of all litho-stratigraphic names for the rock from which the cataloged item was collected.
Comments
Examples	`Pleistocene-Weichselien`

group Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/group
Definition	The full name of the lithostratigraphic group from which the cataloged item was collected.
Comments
Examples	`Bathurst`, `Lower Wealden`

formation Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/formation
Definition	The full name of the lithostratigraphic formation from which the cataloged item was collected.
Comments
Examples	`Notch Peak Formation`, `House Limestone`, `Fillmore Formation`

member Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/member
Definition	The full name of the lithostratigraphic member from which the cataloged item was collected.
Comments
Examples	`Lava Dam Member`, `Hellnmaria Member`

bed Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/bed
Definition	The full name of the lithostratigraphic bed from which the cataloged item was collected.
Comments
Examples	`Harlem coal`

## Identification

identificationID verbatimIdentification identificationQualifier typeStatus identifiedBy identifiedByID dateIdentified identificationReferences identificationVerificationStatus identificationRemarks

Identification Class
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/Identification
Definition	A taxonomic determination (e.g., the assignment to a taxon).
Comments
Examples	A subspecies determination of an organism.

identificationID Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/identificationID
Definition	An identifier for the Identification (the body of information associated with the assignment of a scientific name). May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to the data set.
Comments
Examples	`9992`

verbatimIdentification Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/verbatimIdentification
Definition	A string representing the taxonomic identification as it appeared in the original record.
Comments	This term is meant to allow the capture of an unaltered original identification/determination, including identification qualifiers, hybrid formulas, uncertainties, etc. This term is meant to be used in addition to `scientificName` (and `identificationQualifier` etc.), not instead of it.
Examples	`Peromyscus sp.`, `Ministrymon sp. nov. 1`, `Anser anser X Branta canadensis`, `Pachyporidae?`

identificationQualifier Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/identificationQualifier
Definition	A brief phrase or a standard term ("cf.", "aff.") to express the determiner's doubts about the Identification.
Comments
Examples	`aff. agrifolia var. oxyadenia` (for `Quercus aff. agrifolia var. oxyadenia` with accompanying values `Quercus` in genus, `agrifolia` in specificEpithet, `oxyadenia` in infraspecificEpithet, and `var.` in taxonRank. `cf. var. oxyadenia` for `Quercus agrifolia cf. var. oxyadenia` with accompanying values `Quercus` in genus, `agrifolia` in specificEpithet, `oxyadenia` in infraspecificEpithet, and `var.` in taxonRank.

typeStatus Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/typeStatus
Definition	A list (concatenated and separated) of nomenclatural types (type status, typified scientific name, publication) applied to the subject.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to separate the values in a list with space vertical bar space ( `\|` ).
Examples	`holotype of Ctenomys sociabilis. Pearson O. P., and M. I. Christie. 1985. Historia Natural, 5(37):388`, `holotype of Pinus abies \| holotype of Picea abies`

identifiedBy Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/identifiedBy
Definition	A list (concatenated and separated) of names of people, groups, or organizations who assigned the Taxon to the subject.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to separate the values in a list with space vertical bar space ( `\|` ).
Examples	`James L. Patton`, `Theodore Pappenfuss \| Robert Macey`

identifiedByID Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/identifiedByID
Definition	A list (concatenated and separated) of the globally unique identifier for the person, people, groups, or organizations responsible for assigning the Taxon to the subject.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to provide a single identifier that disambiguates the details of the identifying agent. If a list is used, the order of the identifiers on the list should not be assumed to convey any semantics. Recommended best practice is to separate the values in a list with space vertical bar space ( \| ).
Examples	`https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1825-0097` (for an individual), `https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1825-0097 \| https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1825-0098` (for a list of people).

dateIdentified Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/dateIdentified
Definition	The date on which the subject was determined as representing the Taxon.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a date that conforms to ISO 8601-1:2019.
Examples	`1963-03-08T14:07-0600` (8 Mar 1963 at 2:07pm in the time zone six hours earlier than UTC). `2009-02-20T08:40Z` (20 February 2009 8:40am UTC). `2018-08-29T15:19` (3:19pm local time on 29 August 2018). `1809-02-12` (some time during 12 February 1809). `1906-06` (some time in June 1906). `1971` (some time in the year 1971). `2007-03-01T13:00:00Z/2008-05-11T15:30:00Z` (some time during the interval between 1 March 2007 1pm UTC and 11 May 2008 3:30pm UTC). `1900/1909` (some time during the interval between the beginning of the year 1900 and the end of the year 1909). `2007-11-13/15` (some time in the interval between 13 November 2007 and 15 November 2007).

identificationReferences Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/identificationReferences
Definition	A list (concatenated and separated) of references (publication, global unique identifier, URI) used in the Identification.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to separate the values in a list with space vertical bar space ( `\|` ).
Examples	`Aves del Noroeste Patagonico. Christie et al. 2004.`, `Stebbins, R. Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians. 3rd Edition. 2003. \| Irschick, D.J. and Shaffer, H.B. (1997). The polytypic species revisited: Morphological differentiation among tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) (Amphibia: Caudata). Herpetologica, 53(1), 30-49.`

identificationVerificationStatus Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/identificationVerificationStatus
Definition	A categorical indicator of the extent to which the taxonomic identification has been verified to be correct.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as that used in HISPID and ABCD.
Examples	`0` ("unverified" in HISPID/ABCD).

identificationRemarks Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/identificationRemarks
Definition	Comments or notes about the Identification.
Comments
Examples	`Distinguished between Anthus correndera and Anthus hellmayri based on the comparative lengths of the uñas.`

## Taxon

taxonID scientificNameID acceptedNameUsageID parentNameUsageID originalNameUsageID nameAccordingToID namePublishedInID taxonConceptID scientificName acceptedNameUsage parentNameUsage originalNameUsage nameAccordingTo namePublishedIn namePublishedInYear higherClassification kingdom phylum class order family subfamily genus genericName subgenus infragenericEpithet specificEpithet infraspecificEpithet cultivarEpithet taxonRank verbatimTaxonRank scientificNameAuthorship vernacularName nomenclaturalCode taxonomicStatus nomenclaturalStatus taxonRemarks

Taxon Class
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/Taxon
Definition	A group of organisms (sensu http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026) considered by taxonomists to form a homogeneous unit.
Comments
Examples	The genus Truncorotaloides as published by Brönnimann et al. in 1953 in the Journal of Paleontology Vol. 27(6) p. 817-820.

taxonID Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/taxonID
Definition	An identifier for the set of taxon information (data associated with the Taxon class). May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to the data set.
Comments
Examples	`8fa58e08-08de-4ac1-b69c-1235340b7001`, `32567`, `https://www.gbif.org/species/212`

scientificNameID Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/scientificNameID
Definition	An identifier for the nomenclatural (not taxonomic) details of a scientific name.
Comments
Examples	`urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:37829-1:1.3`

acceptedNameUsageID Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/acceptedNameUsageID
Definition	An identifier for the name usage (documented meaning of the name according to a source) of the currently valid (zoological) or accepted (botanical) taxon.
Comments	This term should be used for synonyms or misapplied names to refer to the taxonID of a Taxon record that represents the accepted (botanical) or valid (zoological) name. For Darwin Core Archives the related record should be present locally in the same archive.
Examples	`tsn:41107` (ITIS), `urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:320035-2` (IPNI), `2704179` (GBIF), `6W3C4` (COL)

parentNameUsageID Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/parentNameUsageID
Definition	An identifier for the name usage (documented meaning of the name according to a source) of the direct, most proximate higher-rank parent taxon (in a classification) of the most specific element of the scientificName.
Comments	This term should be used for accepted names to refer to the taxonID of a Taxon record that represents the next higher taxon rank in the same taxonomic classification. For Darwin Core Archives the related record should be present locally in the same archive.
Examples	`tsn:41074` (ITIS), `urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30001404-2` (IPNI), `2704173` (GBIF), `6T8N` (COL)

originalNameUsageID Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/originalNameUsageID
Definition	An identifier for the name usage (documented meaning of the name according to a source) in which the terminal element of the scientificName was originally established under the rules of the associated nomenclaturalCode.
Comments	This term should be used to refer to the taxonID of a Taxon record that represents the usage of the terminal element of the scientificName as originally established under the rules of the associated nomenclaturalCode. For example, for names governed by the ICNafp, this term would establish the relationship between a record representing a subsequent combination and the record for its corresponding basionym. Unlike basionyms, however, this term can apply to scientific names at all ranks. For Darwin Core Archives the related record should be present locally in the same archive.
Examples	`tsn:41107` (ITIS), `urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:320035-2` (IPNI), `2704179` (GBIF), `6W3C4` (COL)

nameAccordingToID Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/nameAccordingToID
Definition	An identifier for the source in which the specific taxon concept circumscription is defined or implied. See nameAccordingTo.
Comments
Examples	`https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-915X(97)80026-2`

namePublishedInID Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/namePublishedInID
Definition	An identifier for the publication in which the scientificName was originally established under the rules of the associated nomenclaturalCode.
Comments
Examples

taxonConceptID Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/taxonConceptID
Definition	An identifier for the taxonomic concept to which the record refers - not for the nomenclatural details of a taxon.
Comments
Examples	`8fa58e08-08de-4ac1-b69c-1235340b7001`

scientificName Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/scientificName
Definition	The full scientific name, with authorship and date information if known. When forming part of an Identification, this should be the name in lowest level taxonomic rank that can be determined. This term should not contain identification qualifications, which should instead be supplied in the IdentificationQualifier term.
Comments	This term should not contain identification qualifications, which should instead be supplied in the IdentificationQualifier term. When applied to an Organism or Occurrence, this term should be used to represent the scientific name that was applied to the associated Organism in accordance with the Taxon to which it was or is currently identified.
Examples	`Coleoptera` (order). `Vespertilionidae` (family). `Manis` (genus). `Ctenomys sociabilis` (genus + specificEpithet). `Ambystoma tigrinum diaboli` (genus + specificEpithet + infraspecificEpithet). `Roptrocerus typographi (Györfi, 1952)` (genus + specificEpithet + scientificNameAuthorship), `Quercus agrifolia var. oxyadenia (Torr.) J.T. Howell` (genus + specificEpithet + taxonRank + infraspecificEpithet + scientificNameAuthorship).

acceptedNameUsage Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/acceptedNameUsage
Definition	The full name, with authorship and date information if known, of the currently valid (zoological) or accepted (botanical) taxon.
Comments	The full scientific name, with authorship and date information if known, of the accepted (botanical) or valid (zoological) name in cases where the provided scientificName is considered by the reference indicated in the accordingTo property, or of the content provider, to be a synonym or misapplied name. When applied to an Organism or Occurrence, this term should be used in cases where a content provider regards the provided scientificName to be inconsistent with the taxonomic perspective of the content provider. For example, there are many discrepancies within specimen collections and observation datasets between the recorded name (e.g., the most recent identification from an expert who examined a specimen, or a field identification for an observed organism), and the name asserted by the content provider to be taxonomically accepted.
Examples	`Tamias minimus` (valid name for Eutamias minimus).

parentNameUsage Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/parentNameUsage
Definition	The full name, with authorship and date information if known, of the direct, most proximate higher-rank parent taxon (in a classification) of the most specific element of the scientificName.
Comments
Examples	`Rubiaceae`, `Gruiformes`, `Testudinae`

originalNameUsage Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/originalNameUsage
Definition	The taxon name, with authorship and date information if known, as it originally appeared when first established under the rules of the associated nomenclaturalCode. The basionym (botany) or basonym (bacteriology) of the scientificName or the senior/earlier homonym for replaced names.
Comments	The full scientific name, with authorship and date information if known, of the name usage in which the terminal element of the scientificName was originally established under the rules of the associated nomenclaturalCode. For example, for names governed by the ICNafp, this term would indicate the basionym of a record representing a subsequent combination. Unlike basionyms, however, this term can apply to scientific names at all ranks.
Examples	`Pinus abies`, `Gasterosteus saltatrix Linnaeus 1768`

nameAccordingTo Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/nameAccordingTo
Definition	The reference to the source in which the specific taxon concept circumscription is defined or implied - traditionally signified by the Latin "sensu" or "sec." (from secundum, meaning "according to"). For taxa that result from identifications, a reference to the keys, monographs, experts and other sources should be given.
Comments	This term provides context to the `scientificName`. Together with the `scientificName`, separated by ‘sensu’ or ‘sec.’, it forms the taxon concept label, which may be seen as having the same relationship to `taxonConceptID` as, for example, `acceptedNameUsage` has to `acceptedNameUsageID`. When not provided, in Taxon Core data sets the `nameAccordingTo` can be taken to be the data set. In this case the data set mostly provides sufficient context to infer the delimitation of the taxon and its relationship with other taxa. In Occurrence Core data sets, when not provided, `nameAccordingTo` can be an underlying taxonomy of the data set, e.g. Plants of the World Online (http://powo.science.kew.org/) for vascular plant records in iNaturalist (in which case it should be provided), or, which is the case for most `PreservedSpecimen` data sets, the `Identification`, in which case there is no further context.
Examples	`Franz NM, Cardona-Duque J (2013) Description of two new species and phylogenetic reassessment of Perelleschus Wibmer & O’Brien, 1986 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), with a complete taxonomic concept history of Perelleschus sec. Franz & Cardona-Duque, 2013. Syst Biodivers. 11: 209–236.` (as the full citation of the Franz & Cardona-Duque (2013) in Perelleschus splendida sec. Franz & Cardona-Duque (2013))

namePublishedIn Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/namePublishedIn
Definition	A reference for the publication in which the scientificName was originally established under the rules of the associated nomenclaturalCode.
Comments
Examples	`Pearson O. P., and M. I. Christie. 1985. Historia Natural, 5(37):388`, `Forel, Auguste, Diagnosies provisoires de quelques espèces nouvelles de fourmis de Madagascar, récoltées par M. Grandidier., Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, Comptes-rendus des Seances 30, 1886`

namePublishedInYear Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/namePublishedInYear
Definition	The four-digit year in which the scientificName was published.
Comments
Examples	`1915`, `2008`

higherClassification Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/higherClassification
Definition	A list (concatenated and separated) of taxa names terminating at the rank immediately superior to the taxon referenced in the taxon record.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to separate the values in a list with space vertical bar space ( `\|` ), with terms in order from the highest taxonomic rank to the lowest.
Examples	`Plantae \| Tracheophyta \| Magnoliopsida \| Ranunculales \| Ranunculaceae \| Ranunculus`, `Animalia`, `Animalia \| Chordata \| Vertebrata \| Mammalia \| Theria \| Eutheria \| Rodentia \| Hystricognatha \| Hystricognathi \| Ctenomyidae \| Ctenomyini \| Ctenomys`

kingdom Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/kingdom
Definition	The full scientific name of the kingdom in which the taxon is classified.
Comments
Examples	`Animalia`, `Archaea`, `Bacteria`, `Chromista`, `Fungi`, `Plantae`, `Protozoa`, `Viruses`

phylum Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/phylum
Definition	The full scientific name of the phylum or division in which the taxon is classified.
Comments
Examples	`Chordata` (phylum). `Bryophyta` (division).

class Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/class
Definition	The full scientific name of the class in which the taxon is classified.
Comments
Examples	`Mammalia`, `Hepaticopsida`

order Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/order
Definition	The full scientific name of the order in which the taxon is classified.
Comments
Examples	`Carnivora`, `Monocleales`

family Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/family
Definition	The full scientific name of the family in which the taxon is classified.
Comments
Examples	`Felidae`, `Monocleaceae`

subfamily Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/subfamily
Definition	The full scientific name of the subfamily in which the taxon is classified.
Comments
Examples	`Periptyctinae`, `Orchidoideae`, `Sphindociinae`

genus Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/genus
Definition	The full scientific name of the genus in which the taxon is classified.
Comments
Examples	`Puma`, `Monoclea`

genericName Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/genericName
Definition	The genus part of the scientificName without authorship.
Comments	For synonyms the accepted genus and the genus part of the name may be different. The term genericName should be used together with specificEpithet to form a binomial and with infraspecificEpithet to form a trinomial. The term genericName should only be used for combinations. Uninomials of generic rank do not have a genericName.
Examples	`Felis` (for scientificName "Felis concolor", with accompanying values of "Puma concolor" in acceptedNameUsage and "Puma" in genus).

subgenus Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/subgenus
Definition	The full scientific name of the subgenus in which the taxon is classified. Values should include the genus to avoid homonym confusion.
Comments
Examples	`Strobus`, `Amerigo`, `Pilosella`

infragenericEpithet Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/infragenericEpithet
Definition	The infrageneric part of a binomial name at ranks above species but below genus.
Comments	The term infragenericEpithet should be used in conjunction with genericName, specificEpithet, infraspecificEpithet, taxonRank and scientificNameAuthorship to represent the individual elements of the complete scientificName. It can be used to indicate the subgenus placement of a species, which in zoology is often given in parentheses. Can also be used to share infrageneric names such as botanical sections (e.g., `Vicia sect. Cracca`).
Examples	`Abacetillus` (for scientificName "Abacetus (Abacetillus) ambiguus", `Cracca` (for scientificName "Vicia sect. Cracca")

specificEpithet Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/specificEpithet
Definition	The name of the first or species epithet of the scientificName.
Comments
Examples	`concolor`, `gottschei`

infraspecificEpithet Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/infraspecificEpithet
Definition	The name of the lowest or terminal infraspecific epithet of the scientificName, excluding any rank designation.
Comments	In botany, where there can be more than one infraspecific rank, name strings may be provided, in literature and in identifications, that have more than two epithets. Only the last of these epithets is the infraspecificEpithet and only the first and the last epithets belong to the scientificName. For example: the infraspecificEpithet in the string "Indigofera charlieriana subsp. sessilis var. scaberrima" is `scaberrima` and the scientificName is `Indigophera charlieriana var. scaberrima`.
Examples	`concolor` (for scientificName "Puma concolor concolor"), `oxyadenia` (for scientificName "Quercus agrifolia var. oxyadenia"), `laxa` (for scientificName "Cheilanthes hirta f. laxa"), `scaberrima` (for scientificName "Indigofera charlieriana var. scaberrima").

cultivarEpithet Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/cultivarEpithet
Definition	Part of the name of a cultivar, cultivar group or grex that follows the scientific name.
Comments	According to the Rules of the Cultivated Plant Code, a cultivar name consists of a botanical name followed by a cultivar epithet. The value given as the cultivarEpithet should exclude any quotes. The term taxonRank should be used to indicate which type of cultivated plant name (e.g. cultivar, cultivar group, grex) is concerned. This epithet, including any enclosing apostrophes or suffix, should be provided in scientificName as well.
Examples	`King Edward` (for scientificName "Solanum tuberosum 'King Edward'" and taxonRank "cultivar"); `Mishmiense` (for scientificName "Rhododendron boothii Mishmiense Group" and taxonRank "cultivar group"); `Atlantis` (for scientificName "Paphiopedilum Atlantis grex" and taxonRank "grex").

taxonRank Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/taxonRank
Definition	The taxonomic rank of the most specific name in the scientificName.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary.
Examples	`subspecies`, `varietas`, `forma`, `species`, `genus`

verbatimTaxonRank Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/verbatimTaxonRank
Definition	The taxonomic rank of the most specific name in the scientificName as it appears in the original record.
Comments
Examples	`Agamospecies`, `sub-lesus`, `prole`, `apomict`, `nothogrex`, `sp.`, `subsp.`, `var.`

scientificNameAuthorship Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/scientificNameAuthorship
Definition	The authorship information for the scientificName formatted according to the conventions of the applicable nomenclaturalCode.
Comments
Examples	`(Torr.) J.T. Howell`, `(Martinovský) Tzvelev`, `(Györfi, 1952)`

vernacularName Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/vernacularName
Definition	A common or vernacular name.
Comments
Examples	`Andean Condor`, `Condor Andino`, `American Eagle`, `Gänsegeier`

nomenclaturalCode Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/nomenclaturalCode
Definition	The nomenclatural code (or codes in the case of an ambiregnal name) under which the scientificName is constructed.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary.
Examples	`ICN`, `ICZN`, `BC`, `ICNCP`, `BioCode`

taxonomicStatus Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/taxonomicStatus
Definition	The status of the use of the scientificName as a label for a taxon. Requires taxonomic opinion to define the scope of a taxon. Rules of priority then are used to define the taxonomic status of the nomenclature contained in that scope, combined with the experts opinion. It must be linked to a specific taxonomic reference that defines the concept.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary.
Examples	`invalid`, `misapplied`, `homotypic synonym`, `accepted`

nomenclaturalStatus Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/nomenclaturalStatus
Definition	The status related to the original publication of the name and its conformance to the relevant rules of nomenclature. It is based essentially on an algorithm according to the business rules of the code. It requires no taxonomic opinion.
Comments
Examples	`nom. ambig.`, `nom. illeg.`, `nom. subnud.`

taxonRemarks Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/taxonRemarks
Definition	Comments or notes about the taxon or name.
Comments
Examples	`this name is a misspelling in common use`

## MeasurementOrFact

measurementID measurementType measurementValue measurementAccuracy measurementUnit measurementDeterminedBy measurementDeterminedDate measurementMethod measurementRemarks

MeasurementOrFact Class
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/MeasurementOrFact
Definition	A measurement of or fact about an rdfs:Resource (http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource).
Comments	Resources can be thought of as identifiable records or instances of classes and may include, but need not be limited to dwc:Occurrence, dwc:Organism, dwc:MaterialSample, dwc:Event, dwc:Location, dwc:GeologicalContext, dwc:Identification, or dwc:Taxon.
Examples	The weight of an organism in grams. The number of placental scars. Surface water temperature in Celsius.

measurementID Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/measurementID
Definition	An identifier for the MeasurementOrFact (information pertaining to measurements, facts, characteristics, or assertions). May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to the data set.
Comments
Examples	`9c752d22-b09a-11e8-96f8-529269fb1459`

measurementType Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/measurementType
Definition	The nature of the measurement, fact, characteristic, or assertion.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary.
Examples	`tail length`, `temperature`, `trap line length`, `survey area`, `trap type`

measurementValue Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/measurementValue
Definition	The value of the measurement, fact, characteristic, or assertion.
Comments
Examples	`45`, `20`, `1`, `14.5`, `UV-light`

measurementAccuracy Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/measurementAccuracy
Definition	The description of the potential error associated with the measurementValue.
Comments
Examples	`0.01`, `normal distribution with variation of 2 m`

measurementUnit Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/measurementUnit
Definition	The units associated with the measurementValue.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use the International System of Units (SI).
Examples	`mm`, `C`, `km`, `ha`

measurementDeterminedBy Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/measurementDeterminedBy
Definition	A list (concatenated and separated) of names of people, groups, or organizations who determined the value of the MeasurementOrFact.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to separate the values in a list with space vertical bar space ( `\|` ).
Examples	`Rob Guralnick`, `Peter Desmet \| Stijn Van Hoey`

measurementDeterminedDate Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/measurementDeterminedDate
Definition	The date on which the MeasurementOrFact was made.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a date that conforms to ISO 8601-1:2019.
Examples	`1963-03-08T14:07-0600` (8 Mar 1963 at 2:07pm in the time zone six hours earlier than UTC). `2009-02-20T08:40Z` (20 February 2009 8:40am UTC). `2018-08-29T15:19` (3:19pm local time on 29 August 2018). `1809-02-12` (some time during 12 February 1809). `1906-06` (some time in June 1906). `1971` (some time in the year 1971). `2007-03-01T13:00:00Z/2008-05-11T15:30:00Z` (some time during the interval between 1 March 2007 1pm UTC and 11 May 2008 3:30pm UTC). `1900/1909` (some time during the interval between the beginning of the year 1900 and the end of the year 1909). `2007-11-13/15` (some time in the interval between 13 November 2007 and 15 November 2007).

measurementMethod Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/measurementMethod
Definition	A description of or reference to (publication, URI) the method or protocol used to determine the measurement, fact, characteristic, or assertion.
Comments
Examples	`minimum convex polygon around burrow entrances` (for a home range area). `barometric altimeter` (for an elevation).

measurementRemarks Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/measurementRemarks
Definition	Comments or notes accompanying the MeasurementOrFact.
Comments
Examples	`tip of tail missing`

## ResourceRelationship

resourceRelationshipID resourceID relationshipOfResourceID relatedResourceID relationshipOfResource relationshipAccordingTo relationshipEstablishedDate relationshipRemarks

ResourceRelationship Class
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/ResourceRelationship
Definition	A relationship of one rdfs:Resource (http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource) to another.
Comments	Resources can be thought of as identifiable records or instances of classes and may include, but need not be limited to dwc:Occurrence, dwc:Organism, dwc:MaterialSample, dwc:Event, dwc:Location, dwc:GeologicalContext, dwc:Identification, or dwc:Taxon.
Examples	An instance of an Organism is the mother of another instance of an Organism. A uniquely identified Occurrence represents the same Occurrence as another uniquely identified Occurrence. A MaterialSample is a subsample of another MaterialSample.

resourceRelationshipID Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/resourceRelationshipID
Definition	An identifier for an instance of relationship between one resource (the subject) and another (relatedResource, the object).
Comments
Examples	`04b16710-b09c-11e8-96f8-529269fb1459`

resourceID Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/resourceID
Definition	An identifier for the resource that is the subject of the relationship.
Comments
Examples	`f809b9e0-b09b-11e8-96f8-529269fb1459`

relationshipOfResourceID Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/relationshipOfResourceID
Definition	An identifier for the relationship type (predicate) that connects the subject identified by resourceID to its object identified by relatedResourceID.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use the identifiers of the terms in a controlled vocabulary, such as the OBO Relation Ontology.
Examples	`http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002456` (for the relation "pollinated by"), `http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002455` (for the relation "pollinates"), `https://www.inaturalist.org/observation_fields/879` (for the relation "eaten by")

relatedResourceID Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/relatedResourceID
Definition	An identifier for a related resource (the object, rather than the subject of the relationship).
Comments
Examples	`dc609808-b09b-11e8-96f8-529269fb1459`

relationshipOfResource Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/relationshipOfResource
Definition	The relationship of the subject (identified by resourceID) to the object (identified by relatedResourceID).
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary.
Examples	`sameAs`, `duplicate of`, `mother of`, `offspring of`, `sibling of`, `parasite of`, `host of`, `valid synonym of`, `located within`, `pollinator of members of taxon`, `pollinated specific plant`, `pollinated by members of taxon`

relationshipAccordingTo Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/relationshipAccordingTo
Definition	The source (person, organization, publication, reference) establishing the relationship between the two resources.
Comments
Examples	`Julie Woodruff`

relationshipEstablishedDate Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/relationshipEstablishedDate
Definition	The date-time on which the relationship between the two resources was established.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a date that conforms to ISO 8601-1:2019.
Examples	`1963-03-08T14:07-0600` (8 Mar 1963 at 2:07pm in the time zone six hours earlier than UTC). `2009-02-20T08:40Z` (20 February 2009 8:40am UTC). `2018-08-29T15:19` (3:19pm local time on 29 August 2018). `1809-02-12` (some time during 12 February 1809). `1906-06` (some time in June 1906). `1971` (some time in the year 1971). `2007-03-01T13:00:00Z/2008-05-11T15:30:00Z` (some time during the interval between 1 March 2007 1pm UTC and 11 May 2008 3:30pm UTC). `1900/1909` (some time during the interval between the beginning of the year 1900 and the end of the year 1909). `2007-11-13/15` (some time in the interval between 13 November 2007 and 15 November 2007).

relationshipRemarks Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/relationshipRemarks
Definition	Comments or notes about the relationship between the two resources.
Comments
Examples	`mother and offspring collected from the same nest`, `pollinator captured in the act`

## UseWithIRI For more information on `UseWithIRI`, see [Section 2.5 of the RDF Guide](https://dwc.tdwg.org/rdf/#25-terms-in-the-dwciri-namespace-normative).

language inDescribedPlace identifiedBy recordedBy toTaxon inCollection georeferencedBy behavior dataGeneralizations degreeOfEstablishment disposition earliestGeochronologicalEra establishmentMeans fieldNotes fieldNumber footprintSRS footprintWKT fromLithostratigraphicUnit geodeticDatum georeferenceProtocol georeferenceSources georeferenceVerificationStatus habitat identificationQualifier identificationVerificationStatus inDataset informationWithheld latestGeochronologicalEra lifeStage locationAccordingTo measurementDeterminedBy measurementMethod measurementType measurementUnit measurementValue occurrenceStatus organismQuantityType pathway preparations recordNumber reproductiveCondition sampleSizeUnit samplingProtocol sex typeStatus verbatimCoordinateSystem verbatimSRS verticalDatum

language Property
Identifier	http://purl.org/dc/terms/language
Definition	A language of the resource.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use an IRI from the Library of Congress ISO 639-2 scheme http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-2
Examples

inDescribedPlace Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/inDescribedPlace
Definition	Use to link a dcterms:Location instance subject to the lowest level standardized hierarchically-described resource.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use an IRI from a controlled registry. A "convenience property" that replaces Darwin Core literal-value terms related to locations. See Section 2.7.5 of the Darwin Core RDF Guide for details.
Examples	`http://vocab.getty.edu/tgn/1019987`

identifiedBy Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/identifiedBy
Definition	A person, group, or organization who assigned the Taxon to the subject.
Comments	Terms in the dwciri namespace are intended to be used in RDF with non-literal objects.
Examples

recordedBy Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/recordedBy
Definition	A person, group, or organization responsible for recording the original Occurrence.
Comments	Terms in the dwciri namespace are intended to be used in RDF with non-literal objects.
Examples

toTaxon Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/toTaxon
Definition	Use to link a dwc:Identification instance subject to a taxonomic entity such as a taxon, taxon concept, or taxon name use.
Comments	A "convenience property" that replaces Darwin Core literal-value terms related to taxonomic entities. See Section 2.7.4 of the Darwin Core RDF Guide for details.
Examples

inCollection Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/inCollection
Definition	Use to link any subject resource that is part of a collection to the collection containing the resource.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use an IRI from a controlled registry. A "convenience property" that replaces literal-value terms related to collections and institutions. See Section 2.7.3 of the Darwin Core RDF Guide for details.
Examples

georeferencedBy Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/georeferencedBy
Definition	A person, group, or organization who determined the georeference (spatial representation) for the Location.
Comments	Terms in the dwciri namespace are intended to be used in RDF with non-literal objects.
Examples

behavior Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/behavior
Definition	A description of the behavior shown by the subject at the time the Occurrence was recorded.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary. Terms in the dwciri namespace are intended to be used in RDF with non-literal objects.
Examples

dataGeneralizations Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/dataGeneralizations
Definition	Actions taken to make the shared data less specific or complete than in its original form. Suggests that alternative data of higher quality may be available on request.
Comments	Terms in the dwciri namespace are intended to be used in RDF with non-literal objects.
Examples

degreeOfEstablishment Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/degreeOfEstablishment
Definition	The degree to which an Organism survives, reproduces, and expands its range at the given place and time.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use IRIs from the controlled vocabulary designated for use with this term, listed at http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/doc/doe/. For details, refer to https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.3.38084 . Terms in the dwciri namespace are intended to be used in RDF with non-literal objects.
Examples	`http://rs.tdwg.org/dwcdoe/values/d003`, `http://rs.tdwg.org/dwcdoe/values/d005`

disposition Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/disposition
Definition	The current state of a specimen with respect to the collection identified in collectionCode or collectionID.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary. Terms in the dwciri namespace are intended to be used in RDF with non-literal objects.
Examples

earliestGeochronologicalEra Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/earliestGeochronologicalEra
Definition	Use to link a dwc:GeologicalContext instance to chronostratigraphic time periods at the lowest possible level in a standardized hierarchy. Use this property to point to the earliest possible geological time period from which the cataloged item was collected.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use an IRI from a controlled vocabulary. A "convenience property" that replaces Darwin Core literal-value terms related to geological context. See Section 2.7.6 of the Darwin Core RDF Guide for details.
Examples

establishmentMeans Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/establishmentMeans
Definition	The process by which the biological individual(s) represented in the Occurrence became established at the location.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use IRIs from the controlled vocabulary designated for use with this term, listed at http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/doc/em/. For details, refer to https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.3.38084 . Terms in the dwciri namespace are intended to be used in RDF with non-literal objects.
Examples	`http://rs.tdwg.org/dwcem/values/e001`, `http://rs.tdwg.org/dwcem/values/e005`

fieldNotes Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/fieldNotes
Definition	One of a) an indicator of the existence of, b) a reference to (publication, URI), or c) the text of notes taken in the field about the Event.
Comments	The subject is a dwc:Event instance and the object is a (possibly IRI-identified) resource that is the field notes.
Examples

fieldNumber Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/fieldNumber
Definition	An identifier given to the event in the field. Often serves as a link between field notes and the Event.
Comments	The subject is a (possibly IRI-identified) resource that is the field notes and the object is a dwc:Event instance.
Examples

footprintSRS Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/footprintSRS
Definition	The ellipsoid, geodetic datum, or spatial reference system (SRS) upon which the geometry given in footprintWKT is based.
Comments	Terms in the dwciri namespace are intended to be used in RDF with non-literal objects.
Examples

footprintWKT Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/footprintWKT
Definition	A Well-Known Text (WKT) representation of the shape (footprint, geometry) that defines the Location. A Location may have both a point-radius representation (see decimalLatitude) and a footprint representation, and they may differ from each other.
Comments	Terms in the dwciri namespace are intended to be used in RDF with non-literal objects.
Examples

fromLithostratigraphicUnit Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/fromLithostratigraphicUnit
Definition	Use to link a dwc:GeologicalContext instance to an IRI-identified lithostratigraphic unit at the lowest possible level in a hierarchy.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use an IRI from a controlled vocabulary. A "convenience property" that replaces Darwin Core literal-value terms related to geological context. See Section 2.7.7 of the Darwin Core RDF Guide for details.
Examples

geodeticDatum Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/geodeticDatum
Definition	The ellipsoid, geodetic datum, or spatial reference system (SRS) upon which the geographic coordinates given in decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude as based.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use an IRI for the EPSG code of the SRS, if known. Otherwise use an IRI or controlled vocabulary for the name or code of the geodetic datum, if known. Otherwise use an IRI or controlled vocabulary for the name or code of the ellipsoid, if known. If none of these is known, use the value `unknown`.
Examples	`https://epsg.io/4326`

georeferenceProtocol Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/georeferenceProtocol
Definition	A description or reference to the methods used to determine the spatial footprint, coordinates, and uncertainties.
Comments	Terms in the dwciri namespace are intended to be used in RDF with non-literal objects.
Examples

georeferenceSources Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/georeferenceSources
Definition	A map, gazetteer, or other resource used to georeference the Location.
Comments	Terms in the dwciri namespace are intended to be used in RDF with non-literal objects.
Examples

georeferenceVerificationStatus Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/georeferenceVerificationStatus
Definition	A categorical description of the extent to which the georeference has been verified to represent the best possible spatial description for the Location of the Occurrence.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary. Terms in the dwciri namespace are intended to be used in RDF with non-literal objects.
Examples

habitat Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/habitat
Definition	A category or description of the habitat in which the Event occurred.
Comments	Terms in the dwciri namespace are intended to be used in RDF with non-literal objects.
Examples

identificationQualifier Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/identificationQualifier
Definition	A controlled value to express the determiner's doubts about the Identification.
Comments	Terms in the dwciri namespace are intended to be used in RDF with non-literal objects.
Examples

identificationVerificationStatus Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/identificationVerificationStatus
Definition	A categorical indicator of the extent to which the taxonomic identification has been verified to be correct.
Comments	Terms in the dwciri namespace are intended to be used in RDF with non-literal objects. Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as that used in HISPID and ABCD.
Examples

inDataset Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/inDataset
Definition	Use to link a subject dataset record to the dataset which contains it.
Comments	A string literal name of the dataset can be provided using the term dwc:datasetName. See the Darwin Core RDF Guide for details.
Examples

informationWithheld Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/informationWithheld
Definition	Additional information that exists, but that has not been shared in the given record.
Comments	Terms in the dwciri namespace are intended to be used in RDF with non-literal objects.
Examples

latestGeochronologicalEra Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/latestGeochronologicalEra
Definition	Use to link a dwc:GeologicalContext instance to chronostratigraphic time periods at the lowest possible level in a standardized hierarchy. Use this property to point to the latest possible geological time period from which the cataloged item was collected.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use an IRI from a controlled vocabulary. A "convenience property" that replaces Darwin Core literal-value terms related to geological context. See Section 2.7.6 of the Darwin Core RDF Guide for details.
Examples

lifeStage Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/lifeStage
Definition	The age class or life stage of the Organism(s) at the time the Occurrence was recorded.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary. Terms in the dwciri namespace are intended to be used in RDF with non-literal objects.
Examples

locationAccordingTo Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/locationAccordingTo
Definition	Information about the source of this Location information. Could be a publication (gazetteer), institution, or team of individuals.
Comments	Terms in the dwciri namespace are intended to be used in RDF with non-literal objects.
Examples

measurementDeterminedBy Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/measurementDeterminedBy
Definition	A person, group, or organization who determined the value of the MeasurementOrFact.
Comments	Terms in the dwciri namespace are intended to be used in RDF with non-literal objects.
Examples

measurementMethod Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/measurementMethod
Definition	The method or protocol used to determine the measurement, fact, characteristic, or assertion.
Comments	Terms in the dwciri namespace are intended to be used in RDF with non-literal objects.
Examples

measurementType Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/measurementType
Definition	The nature of the measurement, fact, characteristic, or assertion.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary. Terms in the dwciri namespace are intended to be used in RDF with non-literal objects.
Examples

measurementUnit Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/measurementUnit
Definition	The units associated with the measurementValue.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use the International System of Units (SI).
Examples

measurementValue Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/measurementValue
Definition	The value of the measurement, fact, characteristic, or assertion.
Comments	Terms in the dwciri namespace are intended to be used in RDF with non-literal objects.
Examples	`http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/TOOL0960/`

occurrenceStatus Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/occurrenceStatus
Definition	A statement about the presence or absence of a Taxon at a Location.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary. Terms in the dwciri namespace are intended to be used in RDF with non-literal objects.
Examples

organismQuantityType Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/organismQuantityType
Definition	The type of quantification system used for the quantity of organisms.
Comments	A dwc:organismQuantityType must have a corresponding dwc:organismQuantity.
Examples

pathway Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/pathway
Definition	The process by which an Organism came to be in a given place at a given time.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use IRIs from the controlled vocabulary designated for use with this term, listed at http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/doc/pw/. For details, refer to https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.3.38084 . Terms in the dwciri namespace are intended to be used in RDF with non-literal objects.
Examples	`http://rs.tdwg.org/dwcpw/values/p002`, `http://rs.tdwg.org/dwcpw/values/p046`

preparations Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/preparations
Definition	A preparation or preservation method for a specimen.
Comments	Terms in the dwciri namespace are intended to be used in RDF with non-literal objects.
Examples

recordNumber Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/recordNumber
Definition	An identifier given to the Occurrence at the time it was recorded. Often serves as a link between field notes and an Occurrence record, such as a specimen collector's number.
Comments	The subject is a dwc:Occurrence and the object is a (possibly IRI-identified) resource that is the field notes.
Examples

reproductiveCondition Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/reproductiveCondition
Definition	The reproductive condition of the biological individual(s) represented in the Occurrence.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary. Terms in the dwciri namespace are intended to be used in RDF with non-literal objects.
Examples

sampleSizeUnit Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/sampleSizeUnit
Definition	The unit of measurement of the size (time duration, length, area, or volume) of a sample in a sampling event.
Comments	A sampleSizeUnit must have a corresponding sampleSizeValue. Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as the Ontology of Units of Measure http://www.wurvoc.org/vocabularies/om-1.8/ of SI units, derived units, or other non-SI units accepted for use within the SI.
Examples

samplingProtocol Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/samplingProtocol
Definition	The methods or protocols used during an Event, denoted by an IRI.
Comments	Recommended best practice is describe an Event with no more than one sampling protocol. In the case of a summary Event in which a specific protocol can not be attributed to specific Occurrences, the recommended best practice is to repeat the property for each IRI that denotes a different sampling protocol that applies to the Occurrence.
Examples	`https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00467.x`

sex Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/sex
Definition	The sex of the biological individual(s) represented in the Occurrence.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary. Terms in the dwciri namespace are intended to be used in RDF with non-literal objects.
Examples

typeStatus Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/typeStatus
Definition	A nomenclatural type (type status, typified scientific name, publication) applied to the subject.
Comments	Terms in the dwciri namespace are intended to be used in RDF with non-literal objects.
Examples

verbatimCoordinateSystem Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/verbatimCoordinateSystem
Definition	The spatial coordinate system for the verbatimLatitude and verbatimLongitude or the verbatimCoordinates of the Location.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary. Terms in the dwciri namespace are intended to be used in RDF with non-literal objects.
Examples

verbatimSRS Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/verbatimSRS
Definition	The ellipsoid, geodetic datum, or spatial reference system (SRS) upon which coordinates given in verbatimLatitude and verbatimLongitude, or verbatimCoordinates are based.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use an IRI for the EPSG code of the SRS, if known. Otherwise use a controlled vocabulary IRI for the name or code of the geodetic datum, if known. Otherwise use a controlled vocabulary IRI for the name or code of the ellipsoid, if known.
Examples

verticalDatum Property
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/iri/verticalDatum
Definition	The vertical datum used as the reference upon which the values in the elevation terms are based.
Comments	Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary. Terms in the dwciri namespace are intended to be used in RDF with non-literal objects.
Examples

## LivingSpecimen

LivingSpecimen Class
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/LivingSpecimen
Definition	A specimen that is alive.
Comments
Examples	A living plant in a botanical garden. A living animal in a zoo.

## PreservedSpecimen

PreservedSpecimen Class
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/PreservedSpecimen
Definition	A specimen that has been preserved.
Comments
Examples	A plant on an herbarium sheet. A cataloged lot of fish in a jar.

## FossilSpecimen

FossilSpecimen Class
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/FossilSpecimen
Definition	A preserved specimen that is a fossil.
Comments
Examples	A body fossil. A coprolite. A gastrolith. An ichnofossil. A piece of a petrified tree.

## MaterialCitation

MaterialCitation Class
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/MaterialCitation
Definition	A reference to or citation of one, a part of, or multiple specimens in scholarly publications.
Comments	This class constitutes a new value for the controlled vocabulary in the recommendations for basisOfRecord. When importing Darwin Core Archives of literature-based datasets to GBIF, the basisOfRecord should be changed from “Occurrence”, "PreservedSpecimen" or "Literature" to “MaterialCitation”.
Examples	A citation of a physical specimen from a scientific collection in a taxonomic treatment in a scientific publication. A citation of a group of physical specimens, such as paratypes in a taxonomic treatment in a scientific publication. An occurrence mentioned in a field note book.

## HumanObservation

HumanObservation Class
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/HumanObservation
Definition	An output of a human observation process.
Comments
Examples	Evidence of an Occurrence taken from field notes or literature. A record of an Occurrence without physical evidence nor evidence captured with a machine.

## MachineObservation

MachineObservation Class
Identifier	http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/MachineObservation
Definition	An output of a machine observation process.
Comments
Examples	A photograph. A video. An audio recording. A remote sensing image. A Occurrence record based on telemetry.

# Cite Darwin Core To cite Darwin Core in general, use the peer-reviewed article on Darwin Core: Wieczorek J, Bloom D, Guralnick R, Blum S, Döring M, et al. (2012) Darwin Core: An Evolving Community-Developed Biodiversity Data Standard. PLoS ONE 7(1): e29715. To cite the standard document upon which this page is built, use the following: Darwin Core Maintenance Group. 2021. List of Darwin Core terms. Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG). To cite this document specifically, use the following: Darwin Core Maintenance Group. 2021. Darwin Core quick reference guide. Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG).