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<a href="#howtouse" onfocus="blurLink(this);">How to Use?</a>
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<a href="#domore" onfocus="blurLink(this);">More with Simple
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<td>
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<center><h1>Simple Darwin Core</h1><center>
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<table cellspacing="0" class="docinfo">
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<th>Title:</th>
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<td>Simple Darwin Core</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>Date Issued:</th>
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<td>2009-04-21</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>Date Modified:</th>
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<td>2014-12-05</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>Abstract:</th>
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<td>This document is a reference for the Simple Darwin Core
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standard.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>Contributors:</th>
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<td>John Wieczorek (MVZ), Markus Döring (GBIF), Renato De
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Giovanni (CRIA), Tim Robertson (GBIF), Dave Vieglais
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(KUNHM)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>Legal:</th>
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<td>This document is governed by the standard legal, copyright,
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licensing provisions and disclaimers issued by the Taxonomic
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Databases Working Group.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>Part of TDWG Standard:</th>
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<td>
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<a href=
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"http://www.tdwg.org/standards/450/">http://www.tdwg.org/standards/450/</a>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>Creator:</th>
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<td>Darwin Core Task Group</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>Identifier:</th>
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<td>http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/2014-11-08/terms/simple/</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>Latest Version:</th>
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<td>
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<a href=
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"http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/simple/index.htm">http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/simple/</a>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>Replaces:</th>
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<td>
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<a href=
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"http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/2013-10-22/terms/simple/index.htm">http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/2013-10-22/terms/simple/</a>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>Document Status:</th>
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<td>Current Standard</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<p><a id="introduction" name="introduction"></a></p>
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<h2>1. Introduction</h2>
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<p><b>Audience</b>: This document is targeted toward those who want to share
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biodiversity information using the simplest methods and structure - the
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<i>Simple Darwin Core</i>. It explains the uses and limitations of this
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structure and how to expand upon it.</p>
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<p><a id="whatis" name="whatis"></a></p>
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<h3>1.1 What is Simple Darwin Core?</h3>The <i>Simple Darwin Core</i> is a
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predefined subset of the terms that have common use across a wide variety of
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biodiversity applications. The terms used in the <i>Simple Darwin</i> Core
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are those that are found at the cross-section of taxonomic names, places, and
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events that document biological occurrences on the planet. The two driving
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principles are simplicity and flexibility. <a id="whysimple" name=
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"whysimple"></a>
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<h3>1.2 What makes it simple?</h3>The <i>Simple Darwin Core</i> is simple in
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that it assumes (and allows) no structure beyond the concept of rows and
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columns, which might be thought of as attributes and their values, or fields
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and records. The words field and record will be used throughout the rest of
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the document to refer to the two dimensions of the <i>Simple Darwin Core</i>
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structure. Think of the term names as the field names. In other words, a
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<i>Simple Darwin Core</i> record could be captured in a spreadsheet or in a
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single database table. <a id="whyflexible" name="whyflexible"></a>
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<h3>1.3 What makes it flexible?</h3>The <i>Simple Darwin Core</i> has minimal
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restrictions on which fields are required (none). You might argue that there
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should be more required fields, that there isn't anything useful you can do
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without them. That is partially true. A record with no fields in it wouldn't
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be very interesting, but there is a difference between requiring that there
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be a field in a record and requiring that a particular field be in all
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records. By having no required field restriction, the <i>Simple Darwin
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Core</i> can be used to share any meaningful combination of fields - for
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example, to share "just names", or "just places", or observations of
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individuals detected in the wild at a given place and time following a method
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(an occurrence). This flexibility promotes the reuse of the terms and sharing
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mechanisms for a wide variety of services.
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<p><a id="rules" name="rules"></a></p>
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<h3>1.4 Are there any rules?</h3>There are just a few general guiding
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principles on how to make the best use of the <i>Simple Darwin Core</i>:
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<ol>
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<li>Any Darwin Core term name can be used as a field name.</li>
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<li>No field name may be repeated in a record.</li>
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<li>Do not use a <i>Class</i> (<a href=
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"../index.htm#Occurrence">Occurrence</a>, <a href=
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"../index.htm#Event">Organism</a>, <a href=
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"../index.htm#MaterialSample">MaterialSample</a>, <a href=
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"../index.htm#LivingSpecimen">LivingSpecimen</a>, <a href=
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"../index.htm#PreservedSpecimen">PreservedSpecimen</a>, <a href=
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"../index.htm#FossilSpecimen">FossilSpecimen</a>, <a href=
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"../index.htm#Event">Event</a>, <a href=
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"../index.htm#HumanObservation">HumanObservation</a>, <a href=
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"../index.htm#MachineObservation">MachineObservation</a>, <a href=
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"../index.htm#dcterms:Location">Location</a>, <a href=
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"../index.htm#GeologicalContext">GeologicalContext</a>, <a href=
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"../index.htm#Identification">Identification</a>, <a href=
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"../index.htm#Taxon">Taxon</a>) as a field.
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</li>
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<li>Provide data in as many fields as you can.</li>
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<li>Use the <a href="../index.htm#dcterms:type">dcterms:type</a> field to
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provide the name of the what Dublin Core type class(PhysicalObject,
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StillImage, MovingImage, Sound, Text) the record represents.
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</li>
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<li>Use the <a href="../index.htm#basisOfRecord">basisOfRecord</a> field to
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provide the name of the most specific Darwin Core class (LivingSpecimen,
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PreservedSpecimen, FossilSpecimen, MaterialSample, HumanObservation,
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MachineObservation, Event, Occurrence, Taxon, Identification, Organism,
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Location, GeologicalContext, MeasurementOrFact, ResourceRelationship) the
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record represents.
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</li>
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<li>Populate fields with data that match the definition of the field.</li>
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<li>Use the controlled vocabulary for the values of fields that recommend
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them.</li>
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<li>If data are withheld, use <a href=
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"../index.htm#informationWithheld">informationWithheld</a> to say so.
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</li>
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<li>If data are shared in lower quality than the original, use <a href=
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"../index.htm#dataGeneralizations">dataGeneralizations</a> to say so.
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</li>
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</ol>Every field in the <i>Simple Darwin Core</i> may appear either once or
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not at all in a single record - otherwise how could you distinguish one
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<a href="../index.htm#scientificName">scientificName</a> field from another
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one? Think of a database table. It will not allow you to have the same name
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for two different fields. Because of this design restriction (lack of
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flexibility for the sake of simplicity), the auxiliary fields from the
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<a href="../index.htm#MeasurementOrFact">MeasurementOrFact</a> and <a href=
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"../index.htm#ResourceRelationship">ResourceRelationship</a> classes are of
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somewhat limited utility here - you could only share one MeasurementOrFact
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and one ResourceRelationship per record. You might argue then that there is
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no way to share information that requires related structures, such as a
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history of identifications of a specimen. That is mostly true. The only
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recourse within the <i>Simple Darwin Core</i> is to force the data into one
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of the catch all "list" terms such as <a href=
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"../index.htm#recordedBy">recordedBy</a>, <a href=
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"../index.htm#preparations">preparations</a>, <a href=
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"../index.htm#otherCatalogNumbers">otherCatalogNumbers</a>, <a href=
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"../index.htm#associatedMedia">associatedMedia</a>, <a href=
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"../index.htm#associatedReferences">associatedReferences</a>, <a href=
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"../index.htm#associatedSequences">associatedSequences</a>, <a href=
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"../index.htm#associatedTaxa">associatedTaxa</a>, <a href=
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"../index.htm#associatedOccurrences">associatedOccurrences</a>, <a href=
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"../index.htm#associatedOrganisms">associatedOrganisms</a>, <a href=
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"../index.htm#previousIdentifications">previousIdentifications</a>, <a href=
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"../index.htm#higherGeography">higherGeography</a>, <a href=
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"../index.htm#georeferencedBy">georeferencedBy</a>, <a href=
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"../index.htm#georeferenceSources">georeferenceSources</a>, <a href=
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"../index.htm#identifiedBy">identifiedBy</a>, <a href=
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"../index.htm#identificationReferences">identificationReferences</a>, and
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<a href="../index.htm#higherClassification">higherClassification</a>.
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<p>There is a difference between having data in a field and requiring that
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field to have a value from among a legal set of values. The Darwin Core is
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simple in that it has minimal restrictions on the contents of fields. The
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term comments give recommendations about the use of controlled vocabularies
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and how to structure content wherever appropriate. Data contributors are
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encouraged to follow these recommendations as well as possible. You might
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argue that having no restrictions will promote "dirty" data (data of low
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quality or dubious value). Consider the simple axiom "It's not what you have,
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but what you do with it that matters." If data restrictions were in place at
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the fundamental level, then a record having any non-compliant data in any of
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its fields could not be shared via the standard. Not only would there be a
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dearth of shared data in that case (or an unused standard), but also there
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would be no way to use the standard to build shared data cleaning tools to
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actually improve the situation, nor to use data services to look up
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alternative representations (language translations, for example) to serve a
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broader audience. The rest is up to how the records will be used - in other
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words, it is up to applications to enforce further restrictions if
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appropriate, and it is up to the stakeholders of those applications to decide
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what the restrictions will be for the purpose the application is trying to
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serve. <a id="howtouse" name="howtouse"></a></p>
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<h3>1.5 How do I use Simple Darwin Core?</h3>The Darwin Core is simple in
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that data "complying with" the <i>Simple Darwin Core</i> can be easily shared
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in a variety of ways, including, but not limited to, text files and xml
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documents. Equivalent ways of sharing the same data are described in the
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sections <a href="#simpledwcastext">Simple Darwin Core as Text</a> and
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<a href="#simpledwcasxml">Simple Darwin Core as XML</a>.
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<p>What you need to do as a contributor of data via the <i>Simple Darwin
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Core</i> depends on the requirements of the ones who are going to consume
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those data. For example, if you have a collaborator who wants to share data
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via the <i>Simple Darwin Core</i>, then it may be sufficient to create a
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spreadsheet that contains column headers matching as many of the Darwin Core
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term names as you are both interested in sharing - just to be sure you both
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understand the meaning of the fields you share, and therefore hopefully
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something about their content. You might create a table in a database using
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the <i>Simple Darwin Core</i> as a model (if it met all of your needs), and
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then connect that database with services for sharing via the web. You might
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use that same database (or spreadsheet) to export a comma-separated value
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(CSV) file for upload into a hosted service that could serve the data on your
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behalf. Or you might use that same file to upload into a service that would
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allow you to add value (such as a georeference) or quality (with a data
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cleaning tool), or to see your data in the context of other shared data.
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<a id="simpledwcastext" name="simpledwcastext"></a></p>
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<h4>1.5.1 Simple Darwin Core as Text</h4>The <i>Text Guide</i> [<a href=
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"../guides/text/index.htm">TEXTGUIDE</a>] describes how to construct and
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format a text file using a simplified subset of the <i>Fielded Text</i>
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[<a href="http://www.fieldedtext.org/">FIELDEDTEXT</a>] specification, which
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allows the contributor to describe the contents of a text file, or set of
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text files (related or not) through a separate configuration file (called a
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metafile). The metafile allows the contributor to communicate the structure
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of the content of the file or files and any relationships between them.
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Though it is good practice to describe a <i>Simple Darwin Core</i> file with
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such a metafile, it isn't strictly necessary if the file follows the CSV file
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specification and the first line of the file contains the field names. A
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<i>Fielded Text</i> metafile for any text file based on the <i>Simple Darwin
|
|
Core</i> can be created by customizing the example metafile [<a href=
|
|
"../../examples/text/example_text_simpledwc_complete.xml">SIMPLEMETAFILE</a>]
|
|
(if this link shows a blank page in your browser, use the View Source option
|
|
to see the XML document), which includes references to all Darwin Core terms.
|
|
Refer to the comments in the file itself as well as the metafile
|
|
specification in the <i>Text Guide</i> [<a href=
|
|
"../guides/text/index.htm">TEXTGUIDE</a>] for more information. <a id=
|
|
"simpledwcasxml" name="simpledwcasxml"></a>
|
|
|
|
<h4>1.5.2 Simple Darwin Core as XML</h4>The <i>XML Guide</i> [<a href=
|
|
"../guides/xml/index.htm">XMLGUIDE</a>] describes how to construct XML
|
|
schemas to share data based on Darwin Core terms. Looking at the <i>Simple
|
|
Darwin Core XML Schema</i> [<a href=
|
|
"../../xsd/tdwg_dwc_simple.xsd">SIMPLEXMLSCHEMA</a>] using the <i>XML
|
|
Guide</i> as a reference you will be able to see that the schema supports the
|
|
notion of a <i>SimpleDarwinRecord</i>, which is just a grouping of up to one
|
|
of each of the Darwin Core terms that are <i>Properties</i> (not
|
|
<i>Classes</i>). The following example shows a <i>SimpleDarwinRecordSet</i>
|
|
containing one <i>SimpleDarwinRecord</i> for a <i>Taxon</i>:
|
|
<pre class="example">
|
|
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
|
|
<SimpleDarwinRecordSet
|
|
xmlns="http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/xsd/simpledarwincore/"
|
|
xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
|
|
xmlns:dwc="http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/"
|
|
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
|
|
xsi:schemaLocation="http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/xsd/simpledarwincore/ http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/xsd/tdwg_dwc_simple.xsd">
|
|
<SimpleDarwinRecord>
|
|
<dc:modified>2006-05-04T18:13:51.0Z</dc:modified>
|
|
<dc:language>en</dc:language>
|
|
<dwc:basisOfRecord>Taxon</dwc:basisOfRecord>
|
|
<dwc:scientificNameID>http://research.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?spid=53548</dwc:scientificNameID>
|
|
<dwc:acceptedNameUsageID>http://research.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?spid=22010</dwc:acceptedNameUsageID>
|
|
<dwc:originalNameUsageID>http://research.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?spid=53548</dwc:originalNameUsageID>
|
|
<dwc:nameAccordingToID>http://research.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/getref.asp?id=22764</dwc:nameAccordingToID>
|
|
<dwc:namePublishedInID>http://research.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/getref.asp?id=671</dwc:namePublishedInID>
|
|
<dwc:scientificName>Centropyge flavicauda Fraser-Brunner 1933</dwc:scientificName>
|
|
<dwc:acceptedNameUsage>Centropyge fisheri (Snyder 1904)</dwc:acceptedNameUsage>
|
|
<dwc:parentNameUsage>Centropyge Kaup, 1860</dwc:parentNameUsage>
|
|
<dwc:originalNameUsage>Centropyge flavicauda Fraser-Brunner 1933</dwc:originalNameUsage>
|
|
<dwc:nameAccordingTo>Allen, G.R. 1980. Butterfly and angelfishes of the world. Volume II. Mergus Publishers. Pp. 149-352.</dwc:nameAccordingTo>
|
|
<dwc:namePublishedIn>Fraser-Brunner, A. 1933. A revision of the chaetodont fishes of the subfamily Pomacanthinae. Proceedings of the General
|
|
Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London 1933 (pt 3, no.30): 543-599, Pl. 1.</dwc:namePublishedIn>
|
|
<dwc:higherClassification>Animalia;Chordata;Vertebrata;Osteichthyes;Actinopterygii;Neopterygii;Teleostei;Acanthopterygii;Perciformes;
|
|
Percoidei;Pomacanthidae;Centropyge</dwc:higherClassification>
|
|
<dwc:kingdom>Animalia</dwc:kingdom>
|
|
<dwc:phylum>Chordata</dwc:phylum>
|
|
<dwc:class>Osteichthyes</dwc:class>
|
|
<dwc:order>Perciformes</dwc:order>
|
|
<dwc:family>Pomacanthidae</dwc:family>
|
|
<dwc:genus>Centropyge</dwc:genus>
|
|
<dwc:specificEpithet>flavicauda</dwc:specificEpithet>
|
|
<dwc:scientificNameAuthorship>Fraser-Brunner 1933</dwc:scientificNameAuthorship>
|
|
<dwc:taxonRank>species</dwc:taxonRank>
|
|
<dwc:nomenclaturalCode>ICZN</dwc:nomenclaturalCode>
|
|
<dwc:taxonomicStatus>accepted</dwc:taxonomicStatus>
|
|
</SimpleDarwinRecord>
|
|
</SimpleDarwinRecordSet>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>The <i>SimpleDarwinRecord</i> acts as a <i>Class</i> in implementation,
|
|
because all of the terms are properties of it. The <i>Simple Darwin Core</i>
|
|
schema has just one other level of structure, the
|
|
<i>SimpleDarwinRecordSet</i>, which is a grouping of one or more
|
|
<i>SimpleDarwinRecords</i>. The <i>SimpleDarwinRecordSet</i> acts as a
|
|
<i>Class</i> to define a data set during implementation. <a id="domore" name=
|
|
"domore"></a></p>
|
|
|
|
<h3>1.6 Doing More with Simple Darwin Core</h3>Sooner or later you may want
|
|
to share more information than the <i>Simple Darwin Core</i> seems to allow.
|
|
For example, you and your colleagues might decide that it would be useful to
|
|
have a standard way to exchange additional information relevant to questions
|
|
in Conservation. How would you do it?
|
|
|
|
<p>One way would be to try to "overload" existing terms by using them to hold
|
|
information other than what was intended based on the definition of the
|
|
terms. Please don't do this. If an existing term has close to the same
|
|
meaning as one you want to use, but just doesn't quite fit because of the way
|
|
the definition is worded, it would be better to request an amendment to the
|
|
term definition so that it will be clear for your community how to use it.
|
|
You can request such a change by submitting an issue in the <i>Darwin Core
|
|
Project</i> [<a href="https://github.com/tdwg/dwc">DWC-PROJECT</a>].</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Another way to get more out of the Darwin Core without adding a term is to
|
|
"payload" the <a href="../index.htm#dynamicProperties">dynamicProperties</a>
|
|
term with structured content, as shown in the example below, using Javascript
|
|
Open Notatation (JSON). This is perfectly legal, since it doesn't compromise
|
|
the meaning of the term. One of the weaknesses of payloading data in this way
|
|
is that it is subject to a lack of stable or well-defined semantics. Also, it
|
|
is highly recommended to flatten the content into a single string with no
|
|
non-printing characters (such as line feeds) to facilitate use in the widest
|
|
variety of data sharing contexts. Still, this might be a reasonable way to at
|
|
least allow you to share all of your data, even if there might be problems
|
|
with people using it reliably.</p>
|
|
<pre class="example">
|
|
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
|
|
<SimpleDarwinRecordSet
|
|
xmlns="http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/xsd/simpledarwincore/"
|
|
xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
|
|
xmlns:dwc="http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/"
|
|
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
|
|
xsi:schemaLocation="http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/xsd/simpledarwincore/ http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/xsd/tdwg_dwc_simple.xsd">
|
|
<SimpleDarwinRecord>
|
|
<dc:modified>2009-02-12T12:43:31</dc:modified>
|
|
<dc:language>en</dc:language>
|
|
<dwc:basisOfRecord>Taxon</dwc:basisOfRecord>
|
|
<dwc:scientificName>Ctenomys sociabilis</dwc:scientificName>
|
|
<dwc:acceptedNameUsage>Ctenomys sociabilis Pearson and Christie, 1985</dwc:acceptedNameUsage>
|
|
<dwc:parentNameUsage>Ctenomys Blainville, 1826</dwc:parentNameUsage>
|
|
<dwc:higherClassification>Animalia; Chordata; Vertebrata; Mammalia; Theria; Eutheria; Rodentia; Hystricognatha; Hystricognathi; Ctenomyidae; Ctenomyini; Ctenomys</dwc:higherClassification>
|
|
<dwc:kingdom>Animalia</dwc:kingdom>
|
|
<dwc:phylum>Chordata</dwc:phylum>
|
|
<dwc:class>Mammalia</dwc:class>
|
|
<dwc:order>Rodentia</dwc:order>
|
|
<dwc:family>Ctenomyidae</dwc:family>
|
|
<dwc:genus>Ctenomys</dwc:genus>
|
|
<dwc:specificEpithet>sociabilis</dwc:specificEpithet>
|
|
<dwc:taxonRank>species</dwc:taxonRank>
|
|
<dwc:scientificNameAuthorship>Pearson and Christie, 1985</dwc:scientificNameAuthorship>
|
|
<dwc:nomenclaturalCode>ICZN</dwc:nomenclaturalCode>
|
|
<dwc:namePublishedIn>Pearson O. P., and M. I. Christie. 1985. Historia Natural, 5(37):388</dwc:namePublishedIn>
|
|
<dwc:taxonomicStatus>valid</dwc:taxonomicStatus>
|
|
<b> <dwc:dynamicProperties>{"iucnStatus":"vulnerable", "distribution":"Neuquén, Argentina"}</dwc:dynamicProperties> </b>
|
|
</SimpleDarwinRecord>
|
|
</SimpleDarwinRecordSet>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>If you were using just CSV text files to exchange information, then you
|
|
might be tempted to just add the new fields to the files. This approach
|
|
suffers most of the same problems as payloading - no one aside from those
|
|
with whom you communicated would know what those new fields were or how to
|
|
use them. Sharing in this way via XML would be an even bigger problem,
|
|
because the <i>Simple Darwin Core XML Schema</i> [<a href=
|
|
"../../xsd/tdwg_dwc_simple.xsd">SIMPLEXMLSCHEMA</a>] defines the terms that
|
|
it supports and the new fields would not correspond with any terms understood
|
|
by the schema. In other words, the XML with your fields in it would not be a
|
|
valid <i>Simple Darwin Core</i> XML document.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>So, if you really need to extend the capabilities of Darwin Core, the best
|
|
first step is to follow the standards process to add the terms you need. The
|
|
mechanisms for pursuing this are explained in the <i>Darwin Core Namespace
|
|
Policy</i> [<a href="../namespace/index.htm">NAMESPACEPOLICY</a>]. The
|
|
process will help to assure that the new terms are well conceived, that they
|
|
don't conflict with existing terms, and that they are properly defined in the
|
|
broader context of biological diversity information. <a id="morethan" name=
|
|
"morethan"></a></p>
|
|
|
|
<h3>1.7 Going Beyond Simple Darwin Core</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>For cases where rich data require rich (non-simple) structure, the
|
|
<i>Simple Darwin Core</i> alone is not suitable. When sharing information via
|
|
fielded text [<a href="http://www.fieldedtext.org/">FIELDEDTEXT</a>], the
|
|
solution is to use the <i>Simple Darwin Core</i> as a core record with one or
|
|
more associated extensions for the additional information. See the <i>Darwin
|
|
Core Text Guide</i> [<a href="./terms/guides/text/index.htm">TEXTGUIDE</a>]
|
|
for an explanation and examples.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>When sharing information via XML [<a href=
|
|
"http://www.w3.org/XML/">XML</a>], a richer structure such as the <i>Access
|
|
to Biological Collections Data</i> schema [<a href=
|
|
"http://www.tdwg.org/schemas/abcd/2.06">ABCD</a>], or the <i>Generic Darwin
|
|
Core</i> [<a href="../../xsd/tdwg_dwcterms.xsd">GENERICXMLSCHEMA</a>], or
|
|
another schema built from the Darwin Core terms to suit the use of the data
|
|
in a particular context. See the <i>Darwin Core XML Guide</i> [<a href=
|
|
"../guides/xml/index.htm">XMLGUIDE</a>] for examples and references to model
|
|
schemas.</p>
|
|
<hr>
|
|
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