woocommerce/plugins/woocommerce-blocks/docs/internal-developers/blocks/stock-reservation.md

Stock Reservation during Checkout

Table of contents

• The Reserved Stock Database Table
  • Usage Example
  • What about concurrency?
• The Reserve Stock Process
  • How the queries work
• How this all fits into Checkout Block vs Traditional Checkout

To prevent multiple customers trying to purchase the same stock when limits are in place, both WooCommerce (4.3+) and the Blocks plugin have a stock reservation system which is used during checkout.

The Reserved Stock Database Table

The table which tracks reserved stock is named wc_reserved_stock, and the schema contains the following columns:

Key	Type	Description
order_id	bigint(20)	ID of the order.
product_id	bigint(20)	ID of the product or variation.
stock_quantity	double	The amount of stock reserved.
timestamp	datetime	The timestamp the hold was created.
expires	datetime	The timestamp the hold expires.

The primary key is a combination of order and product ID to prevent multiple holds being created for the same order if checkout is performed multiple times.

Usage Example

This example shows how stock would be reserved programmatically for an order using the ReserveStock class which acts as an interface between the checkout and the wc_reserved_stock table.

$reserve_stock = new ReserveStock();

try {
    // Try to reserve stock for 10 mins, if available.
    $reserve_stock->reserve_stock_for_order( $order_object, 10 );
} catch ( ReserveStockException $e ) {
    // ...handle error
}

This either holds stock, or rejects the order if the stock cannot be reserved for whatever reason. Stock is immediately released when defined time passes, or when the order changes to a “paid” status such as processing, on-hold, or complete.

Some things worth noting:

• Before stock can be reserved, an order must exist.
• Stock is reserved for a defined period of time before it expires; these expired rows are cleaned up periodically and do not affect queries for stock levels.
• If an order is changed, stock should be reserved again. The ReserveStock class will renew any existing holds and remove any invalid ones for the current order.

What about concurrency?

To mitigate concurrency issues (where multiple users could attempt to reserve the same stock at the same time, which is a risk on busier stores) the query used to check and reserve stock is performed in a single, atomic operation.

This operation locks the tables so that separate processes do not fight over the same stock. If there were two simultaneous requests for the same stock at the same time, one would succeed, and one would fail.

The Reserve Stock Process

How the queries work

On the technical side:

• The ReserveStock class joins the wc_reserved_stock table to wp_posts using the post/order ID
• Only non-expired rows are used
• Only draft/pending order rows are used

Here is an example query getting stock for Product ID 99 and excluding order ID 100.

SELECT COALESCE( SUM( stock_table.`stock_quantity` ), 0 )
FROM wp_wc_reserved_stock stock_table
LEFT JOIN wp_posts posts ON stock_table.`order_id` = posts.ID
WHERE posts.post_status IN ( 'wc-checkout-draft', 'wc-pending' )
AND stock_table.`expires` > NOW()
AND stock_table.`product_id` = 99
AND stock_table.`order_id` != 100

When creating holds on product stock, this query is used again, but it also creates locks to prevent stock being assigned to multiple orders if they come in around the same time:

INSERT INTO wp_wc_reserved_stock ( `order_id`, `product_id`, `stock_quantity`, `timestamp`, `expires` )
SELECT 99, 100, 1, NOW(), ( NOW() + INTERVAL 10 MINUTE ) FROM DUAL
WHERE ( $query_for_stock FOR UPDATE ) - ( $query_for_reserved_stock FOR UPDATE ) >= 1
ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE `expires` = VALUES( `expires` )

In the above code snippet:

• $query_for_stock is a subquery getting stock level from the post meta table, and $query_for_reserved_stock is the query shown prior.
• The FOR UPDATE part locks the selected rows which prevents other requests from changing those values until we’ve inserted the new rows.
• The ON DUPLICATE KEY part updates an existing row if one already exists for that order/item.

How this all fits into Checkout Block vs Traditional Checkout

The point of which stock is reserved differs between the new Block based checkout and the traditional checkout, the main difference being that the Block based checkout reserves stock on entry so the customer isn't forced to fill out the entire checkout form unnecessarily.

You can see that in both Checkouts, if stock cannot be reserved for all items in the order, either the order is rejected, or the user cannot proceed with checkout.